Volume 7, No. 1, Spring 1996

NOTICE THIS IS YOUR LAST NEWSLETTER UNLESS YOU PAY YOUR DUES.

ISEE is out of money. Beginning with the next issue, no one will receive the Newsletter whose dues are not paid for the current year. Anyone in arrears will not receive the Newsletter.
ISEE currently has almost 600 members, which are plenty to pay for the Newsletter if dues are paid. In total, members currently owe the Society a total of almost $11,000.00 U.S. in arrears dues. A bill is enclosed with this Newsletter showing how much you owe for past years. You must pay the for the current year (1996) or you will not receive the next Newsletter.
AMNESTY FOR ALL. You will continue to receive the Newsletter by paying for the current year (1996). Past years are forgiven. However, if your conscience bothers you, we need the money. The next Newsletter will be sent only to those who have paid for 1996.
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General Announcements

A new, interdiscliplinary journal in environmental and philosophical interests is scheduled to appear this spring. Ethics and the Environment, a scholarly journal housed in the Philosophy Department at the University of Georgia, is edited by Victoria Davion, associate professor of philosophy; internationally recognized scholars in various discliplines serve on the editorial board. Ethics and the Environment will provide an interdiscliplinary forum for theoretical and practical articles, discussions, reviews, comments, and book reviews in the broad area encompassed by environmental ethics. Topics to be discussed will encompass conceptual approaches in ethical theory and ecological philosophy, including deep ecology and ecological feminism, as they pertain to environmental issues such as environmental education and management, ecological economics, and ecosystem health.
Manuscripts may be submitted at any time to the editor. Please send two copies, one without the author's name, for anonymous refereeing. For matters of style, consult The Chicago Manual of Style. Upon acceptance an abstract of 100 words or less and a computer disk in WordPerfect 5.1 or 6.1 will be required. Submitted materials cannot be returned. For more information please contact: mfreer@uga.cc.uga.edu.

The Millenium Tree Line, supported by the University of Greenwich, aims to conserve trees and plant new ones, where appropriate, along the Greenwich Meridian, 0 Longitude. For details, contact Catherine Freeman, Coordinator, Unit 42, Dartford Trade Park, Hawley Road, Dartford, Kent, DA1 1PF, England, UK. Fax 0181 331 9672.

In December 1995, Robert Kirkman completed a PhD in philosophy at the State University of New York at Stony Brook with a thesis in environmental philosophy: "Environmentalism Without Illusions: Rethinking the Roles of Philosophy and Ecology." Drawing from his studies of the history and philosophy of the natural sciences (especially ecology), phenomenology, and the history of the philosophy of nature, he raises an epistemological challenge to environmental philosophy insofar as it is grounded in factual claims about the world. He concludes that many of these claims are unwarranted, particularly those which come about through an appropriation, or rather a misappropriation, of scientific concepts. Finally, he recommends that environmental philosophers attend more carefully to the scope and limits of human knowledge, and that they shift their emphasis away from the construction of speculative cosmological or ethical systems to a more direct engagement in seeking practical solutions to environmental problems. Address: P.O. Box 438, Millwood, NY 10546. Email: bandreoba@aol.com.

Leena Vilkka has completed her Ph.D. degree at the University of Helsinki, on "The Varieties of Intrinsic Value in Nature: A Naturistic Approach to Environmental Philosophy" (in English). Her "opponent" in the formal thesis defense, November 13 in Helsinki was Holmes Rolston. Ilkka Niiniluoto, chair of the department there was chair of her committee and served as "custos" at the examination. The thesis examines the varieties of intrinsic value in nature proposed by various philosophers and then progressively defends an animal-centered philosophy (zoocentrism), a life centered-philosophy (biocentrism) and an ecosystem-centered philosophy (ecocentrism), culminating in a defense of objective intrinsic value in nature and of the rights of animals. The thesis has been published in Finland, in a limited edition (as is required for Ph.D. dissertations there), and will be published in 1996 by Editions Rodopi (Amsterdam/Atlanta) in their Value Inquiry Book Series, Robert Ginsburg, editor. This is the first Ph.D. thesis in Finland in environmental philosophy.

University of Zimbabwe, Environmental Philosophy Conference, Harare, Zimbabwe. Environmental philosophy was the main theme of the Third International Jacobsen Philosophy Conference, held from February 29 to March 2, 1996 at the University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, organized by the University of Zimbabwe Jacobsen Fellow, Barnabas Dickson. The keynote speaker was Johan Hattingh (University of Stellenbosch) on "Environmental Justice: A Southern African Perspective." Other speakers in environmental philosophy were: Robin Attfield (UK), "Saving Nature Versus Feeding People?", R. W. Murungi (Kenya), "Progress as Creative Advance: Environmental Health"; Nelleke Bak (South Africa), "Shades of Green"; Kate Rawles (UK), "Conservation and Animal Welfare"; Marthe Kiley-Worthington (UK), "Wildlife Conservation, Food Production and Development: Can They Have Symbiotic Relationships?"; J. P. Abrahams (South Africa), "Technology and Values"; Barnabas Dickson (Zimbabwe), "Putting the Precautionary Principle in its Place"; Andrea Chimuka (Zimbabwe), "Why We Have Obligations to Care for and Preserve the Environment in Our Time as Well as for Future Generations"; T. K. Makokha (Kenya), "The Me/Now Syndrome and Environmental Crisis"; and O. Hapanyengwi (Zimbabwe), "A Philosophical Critique of the Environment Debate in Zimbabwe."

Tributes to the life and work of the late Henry Odera Oruka (Kenya), who was tragically killed in a road accident in December 1995, were presented by Jan M. van Hook (USA), "H. Odera Oruka and Kenyan Sage Philosophy: A Memorial Tribute," and by Gail Presbey (USA), "Odera-Oruka's Kenyan Sages and Socrates." Henry Odera Oruka was Professor of Philosophy, University of Nairobi, and the Director of the Nairobi Ecophilosophy Centre. He also organized the World Congress of Philosophy, on "Philosophy, Environment and Development" (Nairobi, 1991) and the XIV World Conference of the World Futures Studies Federation, on "Futures Beyond Poverty" (Nairobi, 1995). (Thanks to Robin Attfield.)

Graduate studies in environmental ethics and philosophy. A considerable amount of information is now available on world wide web about graduate work in at various locations, in the U.S. and abroad, notably the University of North Texas, Colorado State University, Lancaster University, and the University of Stellenbosch. This often includes lists of theses completed. Many Ph.D. theses at other universities are listed. Web address: http://www.cep.unt.edu and follow the various menus. A more direct address to some of the information is http://www.cep.unt.edu/gradstudents/html. This site is at the University of North Texas and is maintained by Environmental Philosophy, Inc. (Thanks to Eugene Hargrove.)
The University of Lancaster website address is: http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/philosophy
The Colorado State University website address is:
http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Philosophy.
The University of Georgia, Certificate Program in Environmental Ethics, website is: http://www.phil.uga.edu/faculty/wolf/eecp/index.htm.
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) on listserv. To subscribe to CITES-L, the bulletin board on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species maintained by the Wildlife Conservation Monitoring Centre in Cambridge, England: Send a message to LISTPROC@WCMC.ORG.UK. Your message should read "Subscribe CITES-L ."

Andrew Light has been appointed Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Montana. He will teach environmental ethics beginning this Fall Semester.

The Wildlife Society, which is the professional organization for wildlife biologists, has established a listserv, for discussion of wildlife conservation issues. Send a message to listproc@cornell.edu. Your message should read SUBSCRIBE TWS-L . Questions may be addressed to tws@wildlife.org on the subject: listserv.

Geo-Ethics is a listserv on geography, ethics and justice, and includes the computer network for the proposed Ethics and Justice Specialty Group (EJSG) of the Association of American Geographers (AAG). Contributions from academic and applied geographers, non-geographers, and independent scholars are welcome. To subscribe, send to Majordomo@atlas.socsci.umn.edu the following message: subscribe Geo-Ethics . Do not include a subject header. Inquiries to: William Lynn, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, 414 Social Science, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Phone 612/625-6080. Fax 612/624-1044. lynn0003@gold.tc.umn.edu

Wolves on the world wide web. The Wolf Study Project at the International Wolf Center, Ely, Minnesota, is on the web at http://www.wolf.org. Persons, or classes, who wish to monitor the movement of radio collared wolves may do so using a U.S. Forest Service map of the Superior National Forest, Center Section. The maps may be obtained from Superior National Forest, P. O. Box 338, Duluth, MN 55801. Phone 218/720-5324.

National Science Foundation - Environmental Protection Agency Partnership for Environmental Research. The National Science Foundation and the Environmental Protection Agency are supporting a special awards competition in this fiscal year. Proposals are due in NSF on May 7, 1996. You can see the announcement text at the WWW address:
http://www.nsf.gov:80/wais/pubs.htm.
You can also get the text electronically by sending an e-mail to
stisserve@nsf.gov. In the text of that message, indicate
get nsf9645.txt
You can request a printed version by sending your name and address to pubs@nsf.gov; ask for NSF96-45.
The three research areas targeted by this announcement are: Water and Watersheds, Technology for a Sustainable Environment, and Decision Making and Valuation for Environmental Policy. Brief highlights are in a section of the Decision Making and Valuation for Environmental Policy area of the announcement. The Decision Making and Valuation for Environmental Policy area encourages research on decision making and understanding public values in environmental policy and related public issues. Four sub-areas are identified: (1) benefits of environmental policies and programs; (2) costs of environmental policies and programs; (3) ecosystem protection; and (4) normative behaviors and environmental decision making. Normative behaviors and environmental decision making focuses on research to identify and examine behavioral and institutional factors that influence the development, implementation, and evaluation of environmental policies. Potential topics include:
--characterization of communities and the values and normative behaviors that influence their responses, and of processes to involve communities in decision making;
--analysis of social, political, and ethical factors relevant to environmental problem-solving in trans-jurisdictional contexts;
--implications of geographical and political boundaries and personal, group, and organizational characteristics; and
--comparative analysis of different models of decision making.
Holmes Rolston will be in Australia in July and August. He will be speaking at the following Australian Universities: University of Western Australia (Perth); Murdoch University (Perth); LaTrobe University (Melbourne); University of Tasmania (Hobart), Australian National University (Canberra); University of New England (Armidale), University of Queensland (Brisbane); Queensland University of Technology (Brisbane); and Sunshine Coast University College (Sippy Downs), Flinders University (Adelaide). He will also present a paper at the Australasian Association of Philosophy, University of Queensland.

Michael Allen Fox, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, is currently Visiting Fellow at the Australian National University, Canberra, and will be the James Martineau Lecturer for 1996 at the University of Tasmania. His Martineau Lecture, to be delivered in July at both the Hobart and Launceston Campuses, will be "Humans and Other Animals: An Ethical Perspective on Their Future Relationship." Fox is engaged in sabbatical research for a book on arguments for vegetarianism.

Chuck D. Barlow completed an LL.M. (Master of Laws) thesis, "Why the Christian Right Must Protect the Environment: Theocentricity in the Political Workplace," in the environmental law and natural resources program at the Northwestern School of Law of Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, December 1995. The faculty advisor was Professor William Funk. The thesis analyzes the rise of the Christian right as a force in American political policy, demanding adherence to traditional Biblical values. The Christian right has taken, at best, an indifferent, and at worst, a heavily anthropocentric attitude toward the use and conservation of the environment. Barlow rebuts the proposition, asserted by Lynn White, Jr., Aldo Leopold, and others, and implicitly accepted by the environmental inaction of the Christian right, that the scriptures of the Judeo-Christian tradition promote an anthropocentric environmental ethic. Rather, the Bible sets forth a "theocentric," or God-centered, approach to care of the environment. Those who claim to base their political agenda on Christianity ought to consider the Biblical mandate to use the earth's resources wisely. The thesis will be published in The Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, Summer, 1996. Chuck D. Barlow, c/o Phelps Dunbar, L.L.P., P.O. Box 23066, Jackson, MS 39225-3066.

Sociedad Mesoamericana para la Biologi'a y la Conservacio'n. The Mesoamerican Society for Biology and Conservation was formed on 14 January 1996, at Lake Yojoa, Honduras, by a group of biologists from five countries and numerous branches of the biological sciences. The new society will serve biologists and conservationists throughout Central America and southern Mexico, by publishing a news bulletin Mesoamericana, and by sponsoring annual congresses in Mesoamerica. Contact: Oliver Komar, Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware OH 43015. Phone 614-369-0175 e-mail: ookomar@cc.owu.edu. The first issue of Mesoamericana will be published in June 1996. Editor: Carlos René Rami'rez Sosa, 4a. Avenida Sur #1, Apopa, San Salvador, El Salvador. Phone (503) 336-0152; email: crrlc@cunyvm.cuny.edu.

Institute for Social Ecology will have several courses and colloquia during the Summer 1996. Faculty will include: Murray Bookchin, Daniel Chodorkoff, Matthias Finger, Thomas Forster, Grace Gershuny, Chaia Heller, Joey Klein, Beverly Naidus, Bob Spivey, Johathan Stevens, Brian Tokar, and several visiting lecturers. Courses run for various periods of time, ranging from weekends to several weeks. Each colloquium is $200. College credit is available. For a catalog, write or call: Institute for Social Ecology, P. O. Box 89, Plainfield, Vermont 05667 USA, PH 802-454-8493.

BEYOND POPPER: The Science and Environmental Health Network (SEHN) Struggles with the Philosophy of Science
by Carolyn Raffensperger
Most environmental ethics questions have revolved around issues such as the role of humans in the environment, the rights of all species, and the intrinisc or utilitarian value of ecosystems in their natural state. But there is another fundamental ethical question, seldom addressed, that goes to the heart of the way science is used with respect to environmental issues.
As we face serious questions about the environmental well-being of the planet, we seem to be caught in a tug-of-war between the Luddites pulling one end of the rope and the Technophiliasts pulling the other. The rope itself is science. Luddites argue that the material results of science (technology) destroy community integrity and ecological health. The Technophiliasts argue that science and technology (given free rein in a free market economy) can solve most, if not all, human health and environmental problems. Each is arguing about how we ought to use science to further the goals of environmental protection.
Neil Postman, quoting Paul Goodman, begins his book 'Technopoly' with the following observation about technology: "Whether or not it draws on new scientific research, technology is a branch of moral philosophy, not of science." Postman's assertion forces us to wrestle with questions about the philosophy of science. What is science? How does science know what it knows? What deserves to be called "science"? When is "science" used to legitimize assertions that are not "scientific" at all?
At the Science and Environmental Health Network (SEHN), a not-for-profit consortium of environmental groups dedicated to public interest science, we believe that science should be used to promote the commonwealth and the commonhealth. This is, quite unabashedly, a philosophical statement, not a statement of science. That philosophy drives our agenda. For example, we work to empower community groups by helping them get access to good science. And we seek to reduce the barriers, and increase the incentives academic scientists face in doing public service and public interest research.
Commonwealth and health is a radically different agenda than the prevailing agenda in Congress which often uses science and research to keep the United States competitive in a global market. Organizations such as the Council on Competitiveness, for example, want to use public research funds to develop new technologies which corporations can export to keep the United States ahead of the science and technological curve. Everything from the race to the moon to genetic engineering of crops and livestock exemplifies this view of science. Comptitiveness as the goal of publicly funded science has clearly failed to protect the environment. CFCs, radioactive waste - the entire litany of environmental ills - testify to this failure.
The Science and Environmental Health Network seeks dialogue with philosophers and scientists on the role of science in the environmental arena. We struggle with questions of ethics and epistemology. For instance, Congress has been using the concept of "sound science" in the use of risk assessment to determine regulatory policy. But what is "sound science"? What is the difference between sound science and ethical science? Who should bear the risk of uncertainty - the public or the corporation manufacturing a pesticide that may be an endocrine disruptor? Do scientists have ethical obligations that extend beyond the rigor of their research techniques? Do scientists have a duty to society? If so, what is the nature and origin of that duty? Is participatory science (science which includes the observations of stakeholders such as farmers or people living around a Superfund site) better science than scientists doing research exclusively within the bastion of the academy? If you are interested in public interest science, you may subscribe to our free electronic newsletter, The Networker by sending an E-Mail message to 75114.1164@compuserve.com. You may reach us at Rt. 1 Box 73, Windsor ND 58424. Phone 701-763-6287.

CONFERENCES AND CALLS FOR PAPERS

Call for Papers: American Philosophical Association, ISEE Group Sessions. The annual deadlines for paper submissions for the ISEE sessions regularly held at the three divisional meetings of the American Philosophical Association are:

--Eastern Division: March 1st
--Central Division: September 1st
--Pacific Division: September 1st

--Submit Eastern Division proposals to: Professor J. Baird Callicott, Department of Philosophy, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 USA, Email: callicot@terrill.unt.edu; or Professor Eric Katz, Department of Humanities, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA, Email: katze@admin.njit.edu.
--Submit Central Division proposals to Professor Laura Westra, Department of Philosophy, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4 CANADA; Email: westra@uwindsor.ca.
--Submit Pacific division proposals to Professor Ernst Partridge, Dept. of Philosophy, Northland College, Ashland, WI, 54806, USA; Email: gadfly@igc.apc.org.

Society for Conservation Biology will meet 11-15 August 1996 in Providence, Rhode Island, USA. SCB will be celebrating its 10th anniversery, and the program is truly outstanding. Also meeting with SCB are:
Ecological Society of America
American Society of Naturalists
Association for Tropical Biology
International Society for Ecological Modeling
Smithsonian Institution/Man and the Biosphere (SI/MAB)
SCB is the largest annual meeting in the world of scientists specializing in environmental science, conservation, wildlife and zoo management, and related professions. These scientists are genuinely interested in and appreciative of participation by environmental ethicists and philosophers. The 1996 meeting is being hosted by Brown University and the Manomet Observatory for Conservation Science.
Phil Pister and Jack Weir were invited by SCB President Dee Boersma (University of Washington) to organize and co-chair a symposium on "Approaches to Environmental Ethics." The symposium will be held August 12th, 1-5:00 PM. The symposiasts will be available that evening for a round table discussion from 7-9:00 PM. The symposiasts and their paper topics are:
J. Baird Callicott (Department of Philosophy, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203), "Do deconstruction and sociobiology undermine the Leopold Land Ethic?"
Ronnie Z. Hawkins (University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816), "Seeing ourselves within ecosystems, reconstructing our social reality, seeking our golden mean."
Patti H. Clayton (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695), "Connection on the ice: environmental ethics in theory and practice."
Victoria Davion (Department of Philosophy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-1627), "Ecological feminism and environmental ethics."
Bryan G. Norton (School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332), "Human arrogance: which antidote?"
In addition, ISEE will co-sponsor a session of contributed papers as part of the regular SCB program. Papers will be presented by: Ned Hettinger (College of Charleston), Bill Throop (St. Andrews College), Laura Westra (University of Windsor), and Jack Weir (Morehead State University).

Society for Philosophy in the Contemporary World will hold its 1996 Annual Conference, 9-15 August 1996, at the YMCA of the Rockies in Estes Park, Colorado. This is a conference with time allotted for formal and informal discussion, and exploring the landscape of the Rocky Mountains. It's family friendly, with provisions for children, relatives, and friends. The General Theme is: "Philosophy in Everyday Life." Papers are invited on: environmental philosophy, utopias, ethics and politics, religion, family life, housekeeping, food, parenting, alternative lifestyles, institutional structures, gender and sexuality, race, ethnicity, violence, and other topics. Papers up to 40 minutes reading time are welcome, and poster sessions for works-in-progress are planned. Papers are blind-reviewed, and acceptable papers are published in the Society's journal, Philosophy in the Contemporary World (comments are given to authors and revision of papers for publication is encouraged). For more information or to submit a proposal, contact one of the program chairs: Prof. Erin McKenna, Philosophy Dept., Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447 USA, PH 206-535-7213, E-mail mckenna@plu.edu, or Prof. Sally J. Scholz, Dept. of Philosophy, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085 USA, PH 610-519-4099, E-mail scholz@ucis.vill.edu.

The British Ecological Society and the Science and Religion Forum will sponsor a conference on "Contours of Ecology: Religious Faith and Issues in Ecology Today," 9-11 September 1996, at High Leigh Conference Centre, Hoddesdon, Herts. Speakers include: Prof. R. J. Berry (University College London), Dr. Jack Cohen (University of Warwick), Prof. Colin Russell (Open University), Prof. Robin Attfield (University of Wales), Rev. Dr. Michael Reiss (Homerton College, Cambridge), Dr. Judy Turner (Principal of Van Mildert College, University of Durham), and Prof. Stephen R. L. Clark (Liverpool University). Full board is £90. A limited number of concessionary places are available to students and ministers, courtesy of Templeton UK Projects Trust. For more information or to book (£25 non-refundable deposit): The Rev. Ursula Shone, Diocesan Science Advisor, 25 Pinfold Lane, Ainsdale, Southport, PR8 3QH, Tel. 01704 576098.

The International Association of Bioethics will be held November 22-24, 1996 at the Parc 55 Hotel in San Francisco. We are hoping to hold a session of the "Environmental Biothics" interest group. Please reply to us at this e-mail address: 72113.1610@compuserve.com with ideas and expressions of interest in participating. What would you like to hear a session on? What would you like to present? We will circulate ideas to the mailing list of the "Environmental Ethics" section members. Roughly 50 people have expressed interest in the section so far. Also, any ideas which you would like to discuss can be sent to this address. We will reflect items to the membership by e-mail. Other comments and questions can be sent to this address also. Andrew Jameton and Jessica Pierce, University of Nebraska Medical Center, organizers, "Environmental Biothics" section of the International Association of Bioethics.

Call for Papers: Society for Philosophy and Technology, Ninth International Conference: "TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AND SUSTAINABILITY," Puebla, Mexico, 30 October to 1 November 1996.
Four types of regular sessions are planned: 1. Major presentations (45 minutes) by well known experts in the philosophy of science and technology or in related technical fields. 2. Plenary sessions (30 minutes for each presentation) on subthemes related to the overall theme of the conference. 3. Parallel sessions (20 minutes for each presentation) on specialized topics, whether related to the main theme or in philosophy of technology more generally. 4. Working-paper sessions (15 minute presentations or poster presentations), with the same broad scope as no. 3.
An academic subcommittee of the Organizing Committee will select from among submitted papers and assign them to the various sessions. Authors of those papers judged to be the best by this committee will receive a grant to cover all expenses of their stay at the conference.
Languages of the conference: Spanish, English, with simultaneous translation.
The following have tentatively agreed to read papers: Stanley Carpenter, Fernando Cesarman, Paul Durbin, Carl Mitcham, Manuel Molina, Emilio Munoz, Rocco Petrella, and Jose Sanmartin.
A selection of the papers and presentations will be published in a special number of Ludus Vitalis, the Mexican journal devoted to the philosophy of the life sciences.
Deadline: Papers must be submitted before April 30, 1996. (In a limited number of cases, an abstract will be acceptable, but only an abstract of sufficient length to be refereed and with a fixed date, before the conference, for submitting a complete paper.)
Special Sessions: Three special sessions are currently scheduled: 1. Environmental Ethics (which may include related themes, such as, biotechnology or environmental education). 2. Women and Development (including gender issues generally, women and work, women and the environment, etc.). 3. Biomedical Technologies and the Environment (possibly including issues of genetic engineering, quality of life measures, the high costs of biomedical technologies, and so on).
Contacts: Conference Email account: filtec@xanum.uam.mx; Jose Sanmartin: fax: (Spain) 34-6-386-4437, Email: sanmarti@vm.ci.uv.es; Paul Durbin: fax: 302-831-6321, Email: 18512@udel.edu; Raul Gutierrez Lombardo: fax: (Mexico) 52-5-661-1787, Email: lombardo@servidor.dgsca.unam.mx; Jorge Martinez Contreras: fax: (Mexico) 52-5-724-4778, Email: jmc@xanum.uam.mx.

The Society for Philosophy and Geography and Rowman & Littlefield Publishers announce the publication of the second volume of their peer reviewed annual: Philosophy and Geography, edited by Andrew Light (Philosophy, University of Alberta), and Jonathan Smith (Geography, Texas A&M University).
Volume 2: Public Space. Papers are invited on any normative aspect of public space that may be of interest to philosophers or geographers. Work on nature as a form of public space, or the philosophical aspects of urban environments is particularly encouraged. Authors need not address their topic through a conjunction of philosophy and geography but are encouraged to do so. Deadline, September 15, 1996. 10,000 words maximum; use Chicago Manuel of Style. Send three copies of submissions to Andrew Light, Department of Philosophy, 4-108 Humanities Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2E5. andrew.light@ualberta.ca
Philosophy and Geography, Volume 1: Space, Place, and Environmental Ethics, available October 1996. To order contact Rowman & Littlefield, toll free at 1-800-462-6420. Paper ISBN 0-8476-8221-8, $22.95, Cloth ISBN 0-8476-8220-X, $57.50.

World Bank Conference on Ethics and Sustainable Development. This conference was held October 1995, with about 350 persons attending, in the World Bank facilities, Washington, DC. A co-sponsor was the Center for Respect of Life and Environment. World Bank President James D. Wolfensohn called for "melding economic assistance with spiritual, ethical, and moral considerations as a key challenge confronting the World Bank and the development community." Among the speakers: Denis Goulet, University of Notre Dame; Partha Dasgupta, Cambridge University; Norman Rice, Mayor of Seattle and President of the United States Conference of Mayors; R. J. Berry, University of London geneticist, and many others. Proceedings will be published by the World Bank. Contact Richard Clugston, Center for Respect of Life and Environment, 2100 L. Street, N. W., Washington, DC 20037. Phone 202/452-1100.

An international meeting on Geoethics is projected for October 1996 in Pribram, Czech Republic, with special emphasis on ethics in relation to geology, mining, engineering, and energy. Languages will include English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Czech. To submit papers for 1996 or for more information, contact: Dr. Vaclav Nemec and Dr. Lidmila Nemeova (conveners), Krybnickum 17, 100 00 Praha 10-Strasnice, Czech Republic; PH +422-7811801. Information is available from Laura Westra, address below.

International Congress of Scientists and Engineers. Theme: "Towards a Sustainable World." Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 22-25 August 1996. Participants will include the Club of Rome, UNEP and many NGO groups. Workshop topics include: "Ethical Foundations and Basic Attitudes," "Challenges to Economy: Concepts and Strategies for Sustainable Economics," "Sustainable Development on a Local, Regional, and Global Scale," "Elements of a Safe and Secure World." One ISEE Session is being organized by Eric Hol, 438 North C Street, Springfield, OR 97477 USA. For more information, contact: Dr. Philip B. Smith, Steenhouwerskade 22, 9718 DB - Groningent, The Netherlands, FAX 31-50-3129186.

ISSUES

Mad Cow Disease in England. In 1985, cases of a strange new disease were found in British cattle, which had the effect of turning their brains "spongy," leading to loss of physical co-ordination and eventually death. This disease resembled scrapie, a brain disease endemic in sheep, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) a rare and fatal human brain disease. Some suggested that this disease may have appeared in cattle due to deregulation in cattle feed during 1980, which allowed offal from dead sheep (which may have been infected with scrapie) to be fed to cows. During the late 1980s, the disease, called BSE (or popularly Mad Cow Disease) spread to many British cattle herds. Because the disease appeared to have leapt a species barrier (from sheep to cows) fears were expressed that the disease might leap from cows to humans.
Eventually, and reluctantly, by 1989 the British government banned the use of cattle food made from animal offal, and brought in regulations removing brain and spinal cords from beef for human consumption. The Government reassured the public that beef was safe to eat. In March 1996, the British government announced that ten new cases of a new and aggressive strain of the human brain disorder had been identified in the UK. The sufferers were much younger than had ever previously been known for the disease; damage to the brain mirrored the damage to cow brains of those animals infected with BSE. Some scientists concluded that the humans could have been infected by eating beef.
The effects of this announcement in the UK have been overwhelming, with suggestions that hundreds of thousands of people might die of this disease. The risks involved in eating beef--both prior to controls in 1989, and since controls were imposed--are not known. Speculation is rising that either a significant part or all of Britain's dairy and beef herds should be slaughtered and burned--13 million individuals. The cases raises dozens of ethical questions: Past policymaking, the degree of precaution which should have been taken, and the possible slaughter of up to 13 million cattle, mostly beef cattle which would have died anyway. Even if not slaughtered for public health reasons, there is no market for British beef now, so what does one do with the cows. Other cows are dairy cows, that presumably would otherwise continue to live. Can one measure the lives of 13 million animals against an unknown risk to human beings, who wish to eat meat? Humans deliberately altered the diet of normally vegetarian cows to make their meat cheaper; in result, are special responsibilities owed to them when this leads to disaster? Does the risk to humans justify what would almost certainly be a hurried and distressing mass slaughter of possibly entirely healthy animals? What are possible policy alternatives? (Thanks to Clare Palmer.)

Deliberate floods in the Grand Canyon. On March 26, Glen Canyon Dam and U. S. Government authorities started a week-long intentional flooding of the Grand Canyon by releasing about 45,000 cubic feet per second of water, hoping to mimic the once-annual spring floods, which have now been stopped for 33 years by the dam. Lacking the floods, their flushing power, and their silt, Canyon habitat has deteriorated, especially the sand bars and habitat for endangered fish species. The river level was expected to rise about 15 feet, although this deliberate flood is only about one third of the historic flood volume. About 125 scientists were downstream in the Canyon to study the results of the experiment. River management to cause floods is something of a turn-around in environmental policy.

Jurassic forest tree still alive. A tree thought to be extinct since the dinosaurs has turned up in a remote Australian park about 200 km. from Sydney. Named the Wollemi pine, there are only twenty-three adult trees and sixteen seedlings. The closest relatives are species in the family Araucariaceae, found in the fossil record in Australia and South America 50-150 million years ago. American Forests, March-April 1995, p. 25.

Elk Re-introduced in Kentucky. On 16 February 1996, twenty-nine elk were released on a 750-acre enclosure on the Land Between the Lakes, a national recreation area in western Kentucky. Large herds of elk once roamed Kentucky, trodding the same forests and fields as buffalo. The plow and the rifle ended both species's tenure in Kentucky; the buffalo were gone by 1800, the elk by 1850. Numerous place names still memorialize the past: Elkhorn Creek and Elkton, for example. The indigenous Kentucky elk subspecies is extinct, and the individuals released are a close-relative subspecies from Canada. The elk were captured at Elk Island National Park near Edmonton, Alberta. The project cost taxpayers at least $500,000, which was contributed by the Tennessee Vallley Authority. An additional $85,000 was given by the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, which hopes to raise a total of $234,000 for the project. Biologists will monitor the elk via sight and radio transmitters attached to some the animals's ears. The goal is for the herd eventually to roam wild and free throughout the entire 170,000 acres of the Land Between the Lakes. (See story by Andy Mead, "Release Program Brings Elk Back to State, Lexington Herald-Leader, 17 February 1996, pp. A1, A8.)

Prison for selling turtle eggs. Two Florida men have been sentenced to prison for digging up eggs from the beach nests of endangered turtles. Winfred Patrick and Gregory Harmon sneaked onto a private beach last May, found three loggerhead turtle nests and pulled out 372 eggs. The men were stopped by a Palm Beach police officer for a traffic violation, and then arrested after the officer noticed a large cloth bag containing the eggs. Patrick was given two years in prison and Harmon 15 months for violating the U.S. Endangered Species Act. They planned to sell the eggs to local taverns as a highly-prized delicacy. (Reuter's, Feb. 10, 1996)

Evangelical Christian group backs Endangered Species Act. The environment is God's creation and must be protected; a group of evangelical Christians has urged the U.S. Congress not to weaken the Endangered Species Act, launching last January a million-dollar media campaign to support the Act. The Evangelical Environmental Network plans to sponsor public service announcements in eighteen states. Polls indicate that a majority of the nation's 35 to 50 million evangelicals are concerned about environmental issues. The group related the Endangered Species Act to the biblical accounts of Noah's Ark. Story in Christian Century, February 28, 1996.

Test tube pandas. The world's first test-tube panda could be born by the year 2001 in a breakthrough to save China's endangered national animal. China's panda experts, battling hunters, shortages of its favorite kind of bamboo and the animal's poor reproductive capability, have already successfully bred some cubs through artificial insemination. The next step is a test-tube panda, and professors, researchers and veterinarians are involved in the project in central Sichuan province, a major panda habitat. Researchers will try to acquire an ovary from a dead panda, from which egg cells are to be extracted and put into a culture. When an egg cell matures, it will be nurtured together with a panda's sperm to complete external fertilization and the zygote will be nurtured in a test tube until an embryo forms. The embryo will be frozen, awaiting a suitable panda womb into which it can be transplanted. The panda's poor procreative powers are the biggest threat to the species' survival.

Smallpox extinction. After several stays of extinction, the smallpox virus is back on death row. The governing board of the World Health Organization has recommended at the last two remaining stocks of the smallpox virus, in Russian and the United States, be destroyed by June 30, 1999. Smallpox is the only naturally occurring disease ever eradicated in the human population, and was once one of the biggest killers in history. Extinction has been postponed because some scientists argued that remaining stocks could be useful for certain scientific studies. Story in New York Times, January 25, 1996.

First chimpanzee infected with AIDS. AIDS is difficult to study in laboratories because there is no animal that can be used as a stand-in for humans. Monkeys get sick with a simian version, but the results from studying monkeys do not seem to apply to humans. Now, however, scientists have managed to give AIDS to chimps. Meanwhile, chimps are humans closest relative among the primates, and an endangered species in the wild.

RECENT ARTICLES AND BOOKS

--Macauley, David, ed. Minding Nature: The Philosophers of Ecology. New York: Guildford Press, 1996. 350 pages. $18.95 pb. Articles in the book examine the connections between philosophy and ecology in Thomas Hobbes, Martin Heidegger, Ernest Bloch, Hans Jonas, Lewis Mumford, Paul Ehrlich, and Murray Bookchin. Contributors include: Frank Coleman, Joan Roelofs, Michael Zimmerman, David Abram, David Macauley, John Ely, Lawrence Vogel, Henry Blanke, Ramachandra Guha, Yaakov Garb, Andrew Feenberg, Joel Whitebook, Alan Rudy, and Andrew Light. Macauley teaches philosophy and literature classes in New York City and is completing his doctorate at the State University of New York, Stony Brook.

--Wersal, Lisa. "Islam and Environmental Ethics." Zygon 30, no. 3 (September 1995): 451-60.

--Parton, Glenn. "Humans-in-the-Wilderness." Trumpeter 12, no. 4 (Fall 1995): 185-90. Parton proposes that civilization is not a linear development but includes wrong turns. What needs to be carried forward are the achivements, not the wrong parts. Humans should return the wilderness but not forfeit all the achievements of civilization.

--Yu Mouchang, Ch'eng fa chung ti hsing wu tsou haiang sheng t'au lun li hsüh (Awakening to Retribution: Towards Environmental Ethics). Kuang-tung chiao yü ch'u pan she, 1995. Kuang-cho [Kwangtung], China: Kuang-cho [Kwangtung] Educational Publisher, 1995. ISBN 7-5406-2872-3. The chapters are: 1. Is ecological ethics in existence (rights and values in the natural world). 2. Going toward ecological ethics (Schweitzer, Leopold, and others). 3. Ecological ethics, science and belief (from ecology to ethics, from aesthetics to ethics, from theology to ethics, ecological philosophy and ethics). 4. Is there a general standard for ecological ethics? 5. Moral principles and norms in ecological ethics (respect life and the natural world; not to harm life and the natural world; not to exploit; protect and promote the flourishing of life and ecological uses of nature in economic and social activities). 6. New applications of several moral concepts (the right, fairness, thrift, duty). 7. Ecological Ethics: A new global ethical view. Yu Mouchang is a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, and president of the Chinese Society for Environmental Ethics. The Chinese are producing an impressive number of books in environmental ethics, as this and the following entries testify. (China)

--Yu Mouchang, ed., Chüuan chiu yen chiu chi chi che hüeh ssu k'ao (Global Research and Philosophical Thought. A Global Village Project. Chung kung chung yang tang hsiao, 1995. People's Republic of China, Central Party School Publishers, 1995. ISBN 7-5035-1117-6. (China)

--Ch'iu Jen-tsung, ed., Kuo wai tzy jan k'o hsüeh che hsüeh wen t'i (Philosophical Problems in Foreign Natural Science). Chung-kuo she hui k'o hsüeh, 1994. Beijing: Chinese Social Science Press, 1994. ISBN 7-5004-1514-1. Chinese translations of international works in philosophy of science and related issues. Part I is Philosophy of Science: Section I is Theories of Scientific Thought. Section II is History of Science and Philosophy of Science. Section III is Scientific and Sociological Epistemology. Part II is Ecological Ethics, with an introduction by Yu Mouchang, "Major Issues in Modern Western Ecological Research," and translations of the following three articles: Holmes Rolston, III, "Science-based versus Traditional Ethics," pp. 259-275, (from J. Ronald Engel and Joan Gibb Engel, eds., Ethics of Environment and Development, London: Belhaven Press, 1990); Holmes Rolston, III, "Environmental Ethics: Values in and Duties to the Natural World," pp. 276-295, (from F. Herbert Bormann and Stephen R. Kellert, eds., Ecology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken Circle, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991); Mary Anne Warren, "The Rights of the Nonhuman World," pp. 296-320, (from Robert Elliot and Aaran Gare, eds., Environmental Philosophy, St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1983). Part III is Psychological Philosophy. (China)

--Ye Ping, et al, eds., Sheng t'a huan ching pao hu tzu jan tzu yüan kuan li ti li lun yen chiu (A Theoretical Study of Ecological Environmental Protection and Management of Natural Resources). He-lung chiang k'o hsüeh chi shu ch'u pan she, 1995. ISBN 7-5388-2729-3. Harbin, China: Scientific and Technological Publishing Co., 1995. 324 pages. An anthology collecting and summarizing the papers from an academic conference on ecological and environmental natural resources and social development. Some seventy contributors. The sections are: Ecological Philosophy and Methodological Problems; Ecological Ethics, Law, and Aesthetic Issues; Chinese Traditional Cultural and Ecological Ethics Morality; Protection of Living Things and Protection of Biodiversity; Issues of Protection of Forestry Resources, Utilization, and Management; Issues of Ecological Environmental Protection and Social Development. One of the papers is Holmes Rolston, III, "Global Environmental Ethics: A Valuable Earth" from Richard L. Knight and Sarah F. Bates, A New Century for Natural Resources Management (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1995), and Rolston also contributes a preface. Ye Ping teaches philosophy and ethics at Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, and is secretary of the Chinese Society for Environmental Ethics. (China)

--Ye Ping, Sheng t'ai lun li hsüueh (Ecological Ethics). Chinese Forestry Young Scientist's Works Series. Tung-pei lin yeh ta hsüeh ch'u pan she, 1994. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University Press, 1994. ISBN 7-81008-487-9. 281 pages. The chapter titles are: 1. Introduction to Ecological Ethics. 2. Ecological Ethics on Anthropocentrism. 3. Ecological ethics on Nonanthropocentrism (Biocentrism, Ecocentrism, Animal Liberation). 4. Ecological Ethic Viewpoints on the Cooperation and Evolution between Humans and Nature. 5. Scientific Basis of Ecological Ethics (the is and the ought). 6. Value Outlooks in Ecological Ethics. 7. Ecological Power and Interest Outlooks on Ecological Ethics. 8. Ecological Moral Codes for Human Action in the Wildness. 9. The ecological Moral Practices for the Cooperation and Evolution between Humans and Nature. Ye Ping teaches philosophy and ethics at Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, and is secretary of the Chinese Society for Environmental Ethics. (China)

--Bakken, Peter W., Joan Gibb Engel, and J. Ronald Engel, Ecology, Justice, and Christian Faith: A Critical Guide to the Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. This book can be obtained at 40% discount = $33 (instead of $55 list price) from Greenwood Press Order Line 1-800-225-5800. Have credit card information ready. Refer to code #F308 to qualify. Part one is "Critical Survey: The Struggle to Integrate Ecology, Justice, and Christian Faith," a review essay. Part two is a Bibliography Survey, 1961-1993, arranged in eleven categories with 512 entries, each well annotated. There is an author index, a title index, and a subject index. An extensive work, the labor of many years, and valuable for its critical insights. A related work is Joseph K. Sheldon, Rediscovery of Creation: A Bibliographical Study of the Church's Response to the Environmental Crisis, 1992, which has 1,700 references, also a historical overview, but few critical annotations. Bakken is coordinator of outreach for the Au Sable Institute of Environmental Studies. Joan Engel is a free lance writer and Ronald Engel is professor of social ethics, Meadville/Lombard Theological School.

--Cannon, Teresa, and Peter Davis, Aliya--Stories of The Elephants of Sri Lanka. Ferntree Gully, Victoria, Australia: Airavilta Press (P.O. Box 204, 3156), 1995. ISBN 0-646-21408-X Sri Lankan elephants, now an endangered species, in their encounters with people, for better and worse and over the millennia, used for war, sport, and work, and as cultural symbols. Also, elephants in the wild, their complex social systems and how they constitute a keystone species in that their survival is crucial to the survival of entire ecosystems, and to the welfare of Sri Lankans.

--Ferré, Frederick, Being and Value: Toward a Constructive Postmodern Metaphysics. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1996. 424 pages. $ 24.95 paper. Metaphysics with courage and conviction, persuasive and comprehensive, at a time when many are cultured despisers of it. Premodern philosophy intimately bound being and value. Modern philosophy divorced being and value. Postmodern philosophy is in transition from the modern mechanical worldview to an alternative inspired by ecology. The beauty of nature, along with other values, is a more potent ingredient in the structure of things than modern reductionism allows. One chapter is entitled: Toward an Ecological World Model. Another is: Toward a Kalogenic (Beauty-generating) Universe. Two more volumes: Knowing and Value, and Living and Value, are projected. Ferré is professor of philosophy at the University of Georgia.

--Hessel, Dieter T., ed., Theology for Earth Community: A Field Guide Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1996. ISBN 1-57075-052-1 298 pp. $20. Twenty original essays examining state-of-the-art scholarship and pedagogy in ecologically-alert theology. What needs to be done, these authors ask, to bring biblical studies, systematics, social ethics, practical theology, spiritual formation, and liturgy up to speed with eco-justice thought and action? A key study for those in religious and environmental studies who wish to comprehend the range and depth of Christian theological writing, plus some aspects of interreligious reflection, on this increasingly important subject.
An analysis of four major figures--Thomas Berry, Larry Rasmussen, Rosemary Ruether, and James Nash--on what needs to happen in theological studies to meet the environmental challenge. Other contributions: Mary Evelyn Tucker on the role of religions in forming an environmental ethic; Theodore Hiebert on rethinking traditional scriptural approaches to nature; Diane Jacobson on biblical bases for caring about ecology and justice; George Tinker on an American Indian perspective; Catherine Keller on nature, feminism, and community; Manning Marable on the power of connections in environmental justice; Thomas L. Hoyt, Jr. on environmental justice and black theology; Kosuke Koyama on cosmology and justice in ecumenical perspective; and Dieter Hessel on where the churches were/are in the U.S. environmental movement. A chapter on "The Praxis of Institutional Greening" by Richard Clugston incorporates the thought of John B. Cobb, Jr. on a theology of institutional life that will support just and sustainable community. This book can be obtained at half price ($10) from the Center for Respect of Life & Environment, 2700 L St., NW, Washington, DC 20037 (202-778-6133)

--Shannon, Daniel E., "A Criticism of a False Idealism and Onward to Hegel: Objections to the Gaia Hypothesis," The Owl of Minerva 27(no. 1, Fall 1995):19-36. An argument against the Gaia hypothesis as formulated by James Lovelock, who offers a scientific explanation for it, and by Peter Russell, who offers an idealistic system in order to accommodate the theory (in The Awakening Earth: The Global Brain, Routledge, 1982). An argument for an alternative account, one which Hegel presented in his Philosophy of Nature, which Shannon calls the "ecological hypothesis." If the Gaia hypothesis is taken as the claim that the Earth is somehow alive, the answer is decidedly no. But a more modest proposal is still possible that views the Earth as a complexity of processes that engender life. Hegel supports a theory that offers such a proposal. These are fundamental claims about the planet, but in Hegel's system, they involved an essential insight into nature as a whole, showing how the Earth yields life, though it is not itself alive. Shannon is at Depauw University.

--DiSilvestro, Roger L., Reclaiming the Last Wild Places: A New Agenda for Biodiversity. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1993. 266 pages. "This is a book about boundaries. ... Territorial boundaries are ancient; they are artifacts dating from a primordial world. They are, in essence, established for the exploitation of the earth. ... Only in the past century has humanity begun to set the protection of wildlands as a broad social goal, creating national parks, national forests, wildlife refuges, even protected wilderness areas. This is something truly new under the sun, and every protected wild place is a monument to humanity's uniqueness. The greatest qualitative difference between us and nonhuman animals is not that we can change and modify our environment. Practically every living creature does that, from the AIDS virus that destroys its own habitat, to herds of hoofed animals that trim grasslands, to chimpanzees that make spoons from leaves, to birds that build nests, to ants and termites living in teeming arthropod cities. But we are the first living things, as far as we know, to make a choice about the extent to which we will apply our abilities to influence the environment. We not only can do, but we can choose not to do. Thus, what is unique about the boundaries we place around parks and other sanctuaries is that these boundaries are created to protect a region from our own actions. ... No longer can we think of ourselves as masters of the natural world. Rather, we are partners with it" (pp. xiii-xv). The final chapter is "Ethics, Economics, and Ecosystems."

--Kaplan, Rachel and Stephen Kaplan, The Experience of Nature. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 340 pages. An assessment of scientific-academic studies that analyze the various kinds of experience of nature that persons have. Is the effect of nature on people as powerful as it intuitively seems to be? How does it work? What lies behind the power of environments that not only attract and are appreciated by people but are apparently able to restore hassled individuals to healthy and effective functioning? Are some natural patterns better than others? Is there a way to design, manage, to interpret natural environments so as to enhance these beneficial influences? Part I deals with research on the perception of and preference for natural environments. There are broad areas of agreement, and variations. Part II deals with research on the satisfactions and benefits people derive from contact with natural environments, with particular attention to wilderness environments, but also to nearby nature, such as gardens. Part III develops the concept of a restorative environment in which the recovery of mental energies and effectiveness is enhanced. The Kaplans are in natural resources at the University of Michigan.

--Sagoff, "Carrying Capacity and Ecological Economics," BioScience 45(1995):610-620. Sagoff generally argues that ecological economics is not much better than classical economics at forming a basis for environmental conservation. "I cast doubt on hopes that the utilitarian logic of ecological economics is any more able than is the logic of mainstream economics to provide a strong foundation for the claims of environmentalism" (p. 610). Reply: Daly, Herman E., "Reply to Mark Sagoff's `Carrying Capacity and Ecological Economics,'" BioScience 45(1995):621-624. "After we have recognized the intrinsic value of the natural world, then we have an obligation to protect and increase that value. That realization leads us to pay attention to instrumental value. ... It is a further mistake to identify intrinsic value with morality and instrumental value with prudence and then set up an opposition between them, as Sagoff does." Daly's reply shows that economists, at least ecological economists, are not going to be upstaged by philosophers either on their own turf or with moralist arguments. A spirited exchange that should get the reader (or the classroom) thinking. Sagoff is at the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, Daly in economics, at the University of Maryland.

--BioScience, Science and Biodiversity Policy Supplement, 1995. A special supplement on national strategy on biological diversity, public understanding of biodiversity, and studies of the Everglades, the Pacific Northwest, and Yellowstone. About two dozen contributors. Sample articles: Jerry Franklin, "Scientists in Wonderland": Monica G. Turner, Robert H. Gardner, and Robert V. O'Neill, "Ecological Dynamics and Broad Scales."

--BioScience, November 1995, vol. 45, no. 10, is a theme issue on systematics and the biodiversity crisis, the role of systematic biology in identifying, classifying, and conserving biological diversity.

--Wild Earth is the periodical of The Wildlands Project, now in volume 6, and is increasingly proving a forum for the discussion of conservation, policy, strategy, ethics, especially involving relatively large areas of wildlands and interconnecting buffers and corridors. Winter 1995/96, vol. 5, no. 4, is a good sample issue. Examples of articles:
Freyfogle, Eric T., "Land Ownership: Private and Wild," pages 71-77. The word property shares etymological roots with such words as proper, appropriate, and propriety. Thus, embedded in the world, if not in today's version of the institution, are certain seemingly inescapable ideas--of rightful scale and proportion, of balance and order, of personal responsibility. To make something one's own--to transform it into one's property--is to make it part of one's life, an extension of one's person and character; it is to bring the thing within the fold of one's individual care and duty. Do these ethical ideas, we might wonder, lurk somewhere beneath the surface of American property law? Freyfogle teaches law at the University of Illinois.
Windsor, Donald A., "Endangered Interrelationships: The Ecological Cost of Parasites Lost," pages 78-83. "Collectively, parasites form a pervasive matrix of interrelationships within an ecosystem which tends to hold it together, acting almost as a glue." Parasites are important regulators of ecosystems, acting almost like complicated servomotors in complex machines. When parasitism is viewed in its larger category, symbiosis, the unifying force is seen as even more comprehensive. "If a single message jumps out from all the myriad details of parasitology, it is that the complex interrelationships among parasites and their hosts are essential to the natural functioning of ecosystems." Required reading for those who dislike parasites. Windsor is an invertebrate zoologist, Norwich, New York.

--deHaan (de Haan), Gerhard, "Sustainable Development--Remarks from an Anthropological Point of View," Socijalna Ekologija: Journal for Environmental Thought and Sociological Research 4 (no. 4, 1995):287-300. In Croatian.

--Rogic, Ivan, "Modernity and Immediateness: A Brief Account of a Modernity Interpretation Model and a Position of Environmental Critique," Socijalna Ekologija: Journal for Environmental Thought and Sociological Research 4 (no. 4, 1995):301-319. (in Croatian) Modernity is not characterized by emphasis on expanding rationality, but rather by a defining of the immediate life, but both these opposite and complementary models characterize the postmodern period, a double-coding which is the basis of environmental critique. The author is in architecture, at the University of Zagreb.

--Attfield, Robin, Value, Obligation, and Meta-Ethics. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Editions Rodopi B.V., 1995. 319 pages. $ 31.00 paper. Part I, on Value, defends a biocentric theory of moral standing and the coherence and objectivity of belief in intrinsic value, despite recent objections. Chapter 3 is "What is Intrinsic Value?"; Chapter 4 begins with "The Intrinsic Value of Flourishing"; Chapter 6 is "Priorities Among Values." Intrinsic value is located in the flourishing of living creatures; specifically, a neo-Aristotelian, species-relative account is developed of wellbeing or flourishing, in terms of the essential capacities of species. There follows a theory of priorities, or of relative intrinsic value, in which the satisfaction of basic needs takes priority over other needs and wants, and the interests of complex and sophisticated creatures over those of others, where they are at stake. Parts two and three continue with theories of rightness and obligation and meta-ethics, defending a naturalist meta-ethic. This analysis continues Attfield's earlier work, A Theory of Value and Obligation (1987). Attfield teaches philosophy at the University of Cardiff, Wales.

--Hayward, Tim, Ecological Thought: An Introduction Polity Press, Oxford, 1995, in association with Blackwells, Cambridge, 1995. $ 45 cloth, $ 22.95 paper. 272 pages. This is a sustained and comprehensive examination of the question whether the newly emerging ecological movement is compatible, theoretically and practically, with the Enlightenment project of Western Europe, as this has played out in the modern, now largely Westernized, world. The general answer is that, after a sort of dialectic between ecology and enlightenment, it is. This is spelled out in five chapters. Chapter 1 is philosophical; it compares ecological and Enlightenment accounts of nature and human nature. Chapter 2 asks whether humanism, the Enlightenment ideal, can be ecological, showing appropriate respect for nonhuman nature. Chapter 3 is on economics, especially on the industrial capitalism that has somehow been one of the main outcomes of Enlightenment. Chapter 4 asks whether rights and justice (the Enlightenment ethical ideas) can be retained in an ecological era. Chapter 5 is on politics, and asks whether ecological ideas can be made compatible with democracy, which is another main outcome of the Enlightenment ideal.
Hayward is good at going back into Enlightenment ideals and finding new resources in them, or old resources forgotten or obscured. But he is never naive or simplistic about this. He fully recognizes that much of what the Enlightenment stood for will have to be considerably chastened. The world is not so much a compromise as a kind of dialogue, with Enlightenment as the thesis, environmentalism as antithesis, and Hayward's new position a synthesis in which both are significantly transformed. Hayward teaches politics at the University of Edinburgh.

--Apel, K.O, et al, Het discursieve tegengif. De sociale en ethische aspecten van de ecologische crisis (The discursive antidote. The social and ethical aspects of the ecological crisis). Kampen, Netherlands: Kok Agora, 1996, ISBN 90-391 0652 5. In Dutch. A collection of essays by prominent authors in the field of political-ethical aspects of the environmental crisis and the risk society. Contents: Introduction: The role of the public debate, etc. K. O. Apel (Frankfurt am Main), "The ecological crisis in the perspective of discourse ethics"; Ph. Visser 't Hooft (Utrecht), "The ecological crisis and the duty to survive"; I. Fetscher (Frankfurt am Main, "Ecology and Democracy: a politico-cultural problem"; V. Hoesle (Essen), "Economy and Ecology"; Rene von Schomberg (Tilburg), "Discourse and context. The unavoidable social contexts of discourse"; A van Dommelen (Amsterdam), "Environmental crisis and methodology. On the quality of science." (Thanks to Johan Hattingh.)

--Orians, Gordon, and Judith Heerwagen, "Evolved Responses to Landscapes," Pages 555-579, in a section on "Environmental Aesthetics," in Jerome Barkow, Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, eds., The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Oxford University Press, 1992.

--Wilson, Alexander, The Culture of Nature: North American Landscape from Disney to the Exxon Valdez. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. 335 pages. Another book featuring the social construction of nature: "We should by no means exempt science from social discussions of nature. ... In fact, the whole idea of nature as something separate from human existence is a lie. Humans and nature construct one another" (p. 13). A cultural history of North American and native responses to the land, especially the multiplicity of environments built on the North American continent in the last 50 years. Chapters on nature education and promotion; landscape design, nature movies and TV, theme parks that image nature (Disney), nature parks, zoos, nuclear plants, environmental architecture. "We must build landscapes that heal, connect, and empower, that make intelligible our relations with each other and with the natural world. ... Nature parks cannot do this work. We urgently need people living on the land, caring for it, working out an idea of nature that includes human culture and human livelihood. All that calls for a new culture of nature, and it cannot come soon enough" (p. 17). Wilson is a horticulturalist, journalist, and landscape designer in Toronto.

--Kevles, Daniel J. and Leroy Hood, eds., The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. 397 pages. Paper. Thirteen essays. The substance and possible consequences of the human genome project in relation to ethics, law, and society, as well as to science, technology, and medicine. Includes essays by scientists James D. Watson and Walter Gilbert, and the social analysts of science Dorothy Nelkin and Evelyn Fox Keller. An early National Academy of Sciences report concludes: "Homo sapiens has overcome the limitations of his origin. ... Now he can guide his own evolution. In him, Nature has reached beyond the hard regularities of physical phenomena. Homo sapiens, the creature of Nature, has transcended her. From a product of circumstances, he has risen to responsibility. At last, he is Man. May he behave so!" (p. 288). Kevles teaches humanities at California Institute of Technology; Hood teaches biology there.

--Environmental Enhancement Through Agriculture. Agriculture can serve the environment rather than conflict with it. 36 papers offering numerous examples of agricultural systems that benefit the environment: increasing wildlife habitat and biodiversity; protecting water quality in streams and estuaries; producing substitutes for nonrenewable energy sources; turning urban waste into a resource; offering aesthetically appealing landscapes; and bringing urban residents into closer contact with food production and the land. Special attention to areawide collaborations in which farmers, citizens, and technical experts establish common goals and develop innovative arrangements. From a conference held in Boston, sponsored by the Tufts University School of Nutrition Science and Policy and others. $20, postpaid, to "Trustees of Tufts College." Center for Agriculture, Food and Environment, School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155.

--Tullock, Gordon, The Economics of Non-Human Societies. Tucson, AZ: Pallas Press, 1994. 87 pages. The author offers a general theory of "bioeconomics" encompassing both human and non-human societies. His strategy is to apply to non-human societies the tools that have developed in economics. Specifically, the behavior of the social insects can be thought of as the interaction of preference functions and the environmental consequences of individual behavior. Insects have their preferences instinctively, but are selected for reciprocal cooperation doing what is in the self-interest of each. An "invisible hand" naturally selects the most efficient hive. Humans have their preferences with options in choice but act in their self-interests; Adam Smith's "invisible hand" selects for economic efficiency. From this, Tullock develops a theory that, in principle, is capable, he claims, of predicting whether a given species will survive in a particular niche. Nevertheless, he adds, "I do not think that studying the non-human societies is of help to the student of human societies" (p. 83). For a review see Clarence C. Morrison, "The Economics of Non-Human Societies," Atlantic Economic Journal 23(1995):318-322. Tullock is an economist at the University of Arizona known for his application of economic theory to problems in political science.

--Pepper, David, Modern Environmentalism: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 1996. 376 pages. Chapters: Defining Environmentalism. Some Fundamental Issues in Radical Environmentalism. Pre-modern and Modern Ideas about Nature and Science: The Roots of Technocentrism. Modern Roots of Ecocentrism. Postmodern Science and Ecocentrism: Subjectivity, Ideology and the Critique of Classical Science. Ways Ahead. "Above all, a historical and ideological perspective teaches us that there is no one, objective, monolithic truth about society-nature/environment relationships, as some might have us believe. There are different truths for different groups of people and with different ideologies. ... Each myth functions as a cultural filter, so that adherents are predisposed to learn different things about the environment and to construct different knowledges about it" (pp. 3-4). Pepper, having introduced modern environmentalism, recommends a postmodern environmentalism. Of course, postmodern environmentalism, like modern environmentalism, is just one more myth about the way humans do and should relate to nature. Pepper is in geography at Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.

--Collins, Paul, God's Earth: Religion as if Matter Really Mattered. North Blackburn, Victoria, Australia: Dove, 1995. 280 pages.

--Linnea, Ann, Deep Water Passage: A Spiritual Journey at Midlife. Boston: Little Brown, 1995. The author takes an extended canoe trip in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area after a spiritual crisis.

--Ellis, Gerry and Karen Kane, Wilderness Remembered. Minocqua, WI: NorthWord Press, 1995. Excerpts from earlier explorers of the wilderness, their diaries, journals, and other works, often offsetting the belief that such explorers found a howling wilderness that they feared or disliked. Accompanied by contemporary photographs.

--Karper, Karen, Where God Begins to Be: A Woman's Journey into Solitude. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1994. Karper lived for three decades in a monastery, then moved to take up solitary residence in the mountains of Appalachia, near Spencer, West Virginia, to discover there that the grace of God abounds.

--Fisher, Hank, Wolf Wars: The Remarkable Inside Story of the Restoration of Wolves to Yellowstone. Helena: MT: Falcon Press, 1995.

--McIntyre, Rick, A Society of Wolves: National Parks and the Battle over the Wolf. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, 1993.

--Timber Wolf Alliance, Beyond Little Red Riding Hood: A Resource Directory for Teaching about Wolves. Ashland, WI: Timber Wolf Alliance, 1994. $ 5. Available from Timber Wolf Alliance, Sigurd Olson Environmental Institute, Northland College, Ashland, WI 54806. Phone 715/682-1223. Perhaps the best short list of resources, videos, children's and youth literature, technical reports, journal articles, curriculum guides, newsletters and magazines, personal presentations, workshops, seminars, organizations.

--Murray, John A., ed., Out Among the Wolves: Contemporary Writings on the Wolf. Anchorage, AL: Alaska Northwest Books, 1993. $ 14.95, paper. 247 pages. Twenty selections: Adolph Murie, Aldo Leopold, Sigurd Olson, Richard Nelson, Rick McIntyre, Paul Schullery, and others, scientists, naturalists, literary authors. Murray teaches English at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks.

--Peterson, Rolf O., The Wolves of Isle Royale: A Broken Balance. Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek Press, 1995. 190 pages. Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, is the site of the longest running study (35 years) of any mammal on the planet, and here is the story by a wildlife biologist who has been there 25 of those years. The wolf population is now at the lowest recorded level.

--Towery, Twyman L., The Wisdom of the Wolves: Nature's Way to Organizational Success. Franklin, TN: Wessex House Publishing (P. O. Box 681753, Franklin, TN 37068-1753. The wolves as a moral tutor, or at least as a provocative symbol. So much for the big bad wolf! The wolf credo: Respect the elders. Teach the young. Cooperate with the pack. Play when you can. Hunt when you must. Rest in between. Share your affections. Voice your feelings. Leave your mark. The strength of the wolf is the pack, and the strength of the pack is the wolf. First there was the woman who runs with the wolves, and now, for the men, maybe women too, there is the wisdom of the wolves. Twyman is a Nashville, Tennessee, counseling psychologist and organizational management consultant.

--Fair, Jeff, and Lynn Rogers, The Great American Bear. Minocqua, WI: NorthWord Press, 1994. (P. O. Box 1360, Minocqua, WI 54548) 192 pages, paper. A study of the black bear, nicely illustrated, biologically accurate and philosophically insightful.

--Backes, David, Canoe Country: An Embattled Wilderness. Minocqua, WI: NorthWord Press, 1991. (P. O. Box 1360, Minocqua, WI 54548) 207 pages, paper. This history and current status of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Minnesota. Roads, motors, timber harvest, mining, fishing, resorts, outfitters, local versus national interests, motorized portages, wilderness as sacred place, relations with the Canadian Quetico Provincial Park. Backes is in mass communications at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.

--Samways, Michael J., Insect Conservation Biology. London: Chapman and Hall, 1994. 358 pages. Global variation in insect variety; historical trends; the development of insect conservation biology; levels of analysis; nature reserves and global warming; the fragmented landscape; the disturbed landscape; rarity; individual insect species and their conservation; insect pest control and insect conservation, with a concluding section on "insect conservation ethics" (intrinsic value of the individual insect and the species; insect utilitarian value; value of the landscape/ecosystem; the land ethic and the entomologist; priority systems). "Concern for landscape is concern for all life and its processes. This landscape approach also creates an awareness and an ethic that all landscapes are linked by biogeocycles. Insects are major interactors in the whole terrestrial biosphere and are therefore party to Gaia maintenance" (pp. 230-231). Samways is at the Invertebrate Conservation Research Centre, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

--Nabhan, Gary Paul, "The Parable of the Poppy Bee: Why Should We Save Those Spineless Critters?" Nature Conservancy 46 (no. 2, March/April 1996):10-15. "Spineless or not, native pollinators have consistently provided our croplands and wildlands with the kind of support that has kept our country fruitful. Let us remember them every time we smell a poppy, or take a bite into a delicious, red apple or munch on almonds. Let us now praise the not-so-famous pollinators, and honor our collective debt to them" (p. 15). A theme developed at more length in Nabhan and Buchmann, The Forgotten Pollinators. Nabhan is director of science at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum.

--Nabhan, Gary Paul and Steve Buchmann, The Forgotten Pollinators. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1996. More than 60 kinds of bird and mammal pollinators are known to be endangered and no one has any idea how many insect pollinators are vulnerable to extinction. Honey bees are a doubtful substitute; there are now far fewer honeybees in the U.S. than at any time since World War II, owing to infestations with exotic diseases and pests that are not easily controlled. Within a few years pollinators other than honeybees will be needed to provide $ 4 billion to $ 6 billion of annual crop pollination service to America's farmers.

--Scholtmeijer, Marian, Animal Victims in Modern Fiction: From Sanctity to Sacrifice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993.

--Hetherington, John, Terry C. Daniel, and Thomas C. Brown, "Anything Goes Means Everything Stays: The Perils of Uncritical Pluralism in Understanding Environmental Values," Society and Natural Resources 7 (no. 6, 1994):535-546.

--Sustainable Forestry in the Boreal, Taiga News, no. 16, February/March 1996. Special issue on sustainable forestry in boreal forests. Taiga Rescue Network, Ajtte, P. O. Box 116, S-962 23 Jokkmokk, Sweden. Phone 46 971 17039. Fax 46 971 12057.

--Newell, Josh and Emma Wilson, The Russian Far East: Forests, Biodiversity Hotspots, and Industrial Development. Tokoyo: Friends of the Earth-Japan, 1996. 200 pages. $ 28.50. Overview of development and conservation issues in all regions of the Russian Far East. Friends of the Earth-Japan, 4-8-15 Naka Meguro, Meguro-ku-Takoyo, Japan 153. Phone 81-3-3760-3644. Fax 81-3-3760-6959. In the U.S.: PERC. Pacific Environmental Resources Center, 1055 Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, CA 94065. 415/332-8200. Fax 415/332-8167.

--Devall, Bill, ed., Clearcut: The Tragedy of Industrial Forestry. San Francisco: Sierra Club/Earth Island Books, 1993. A large book designed for visual impact with (when the book is opened) almost poster-sized pictures of clearcut devastation, often with remnants of the forest lingering nearby in their beauty. The book is a product of the Foundation for Deep Ecology. There are some short essays: Warwick Fox, "The Recognition of Intrinsic Value in the Writing of Legislation"; R. Edward Grumbine, "Policy in the Woods"; "The Ecoforestry Declaration of Interdependence"; Chris Maser, "The Twenty-First-Century Forester"; Alan Drengson, "Remembering the Moral and Spiritual Dimensions of Forests"; Reed Noss, "A Sustainable Forest is a Diverse and Natural Forest"; Dave Foreman, "The Big Woods and Ecological Wilderness Recovery"; and others. The book has provoked a response by the American Forest and Paper Pulp Association: Closer Look: An On the Ground Investigation of the Sierra Club's Book: Clearcut. The response claims that the book deliberately misleads readers, blaming clearcutting and industrial forestry for impacts actually caused by wildfire, insect and disease infestation, and other natural disasters. For the response call 202/463-2756.

--Trzyna, Thaddeus C., "Linking Values and Policy for Sustainable Development: An International Strategy to Build the Sustainability Ethic into Decision-Making." 1995. Working Paper No. 6 of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Strategy and Planning. 20 pages. Proponents of sustainable development often call for a new global ethic. But how will a new ethic translate into policies and decisions? Copies from Thaddeus C. Trzyna, Chair, CESP, International Center for the Environment and Public Policy, P. O. Box 189040, Sacramento, CA 95818. Phone 916/442-2472. Fax 916/442-2478

--Rockefeller, Steven, Summary and Survey: Principles of Environmental Conservation and Sustainable Development. 146 pages. 1995 in working draft for the Earth Charter Project. Forty-seven major principles of conservation and sustainability that have been formulated to date in international law and related reports. Examples of such principles: the unity of the biosphere, elimination of unsustainable production, non-violent conflict resolution, and equitable use of transboundary natural resources. Rockefeller teaches religious studies at Middlebury College, Vermont. Copies from Steven Rockfeller, P. O. Box 648, Middlebury, VT 05753. Phone 802/388-9933. Fax 802/388-1951.

--deGroot (de Groot), Rudolf, Functions of Nature: Evaluation of Nature in Environmental Planning. Groningen, Netherlands: Wolters-Noordhoff, 1992. Identification of indicators for measuring sustainable use of environmental functions, currently being applied to assessing the Danube and Dniester deltas, the Spanish island of Mallorca, the Greek island of Santorini, the Pantanal wetland in Brazil, and other areas. de Groot is director of the Wageningen Institute for Environment and Climate Research at Wageningen Agricultural University, Netherlands.

--Balogh, James C. and William J. Walker, Golf Course Management and Construction: Environmental Issues. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 1992. The environmental effects of turfgrass in golf courses, lawns, parks, greenways, and similar areas, which are widespread in landscape architecture. Ways that these areas do and do not, can and cannot have environmental benefits, such as recreational, aesthetic, erosion control, green space, and wildlife habitat uses. Balogh is a soil scientist with Spectrum Research, Duluth, MN. Walker is a geochemist at the University of California, Davis.

--Colborn, Theo, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers, Our Stolen Future. New York; Dutton, Penguin Books, 1996.

--Hospers, John, Human Conduct: Problems of Ethics, 3rd edition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 1996. In this new edition of a longstanding ethics text, Hospers has added a chapter (Chapter 8) on "Animal Rights," which is a five-way dialogue among proponents of animal rights, animal liberation, environmentalists, and others. Maybe the fourth edition will see fit to separate out environmental ethics from animal rights. Hospers teaches philosophy at the University of Southern California.

--Crosby, Donald A., Hardwick, Charley D. eds. Religious Experience and Ecological Responsibility (Volume 3 in American Liberal Religious Thought). New York: Peter Lang, 1996. 652 pages. $74.95 hardcover. Contains: Frederick Ferré, "Keeping It Together: Holistic Reflections from a `Natural Analyst'"; Nancy Frankenberry, "The Earth Is Not Our Mother"; D.W.D. Shaw, "The Wreck of `The Braer'", Donald A. Crosby, "Experience As Reality: The Ecological Metaphysics of William James"; Susan Armstrong, "An Outline of a Theology of Difference"; J. Edward Barrett, "Ecological Reverence: Or, Religion Rediscovering Reality"; Noel Boulting, "Grounding the Notion of Ecological Responsibility: Peircian Perspectives"; J. Harley Chapman, "The Practice of Natural Piety as a Spiritual Discipline"; Hermann Deuser, "Charles S. Peirce's Contribution to Cosmology and Religion"; Lewis E. Hahn, "A Contextualistic View of Experience and Ecological Responsibility"; Fred W. Hallberg, "Demythologizing Eschatological Environmentalism"; Nancy R. Howell, "The Paradox of Power: An Ecofeminist Reflection upon Diversity"; John Howie, "Personalism and a Holistic Environmental Ethics"; Charles S. Milligan, "The Eco-Religious Case for Naturalistic Pantheism"; Leslie A. Muray, "Meland's Mystical Naturalism and Ecological Responsibility"; Jerome Stone, "Caring for the Web of Life: Towards a Public Ecotheology"; Douglas Sturm, "Faith, Ecology, and the Demands of Social Justice: On Shattering the Boundaries of Moral Community"; and papers on other themes. Crosby is in philosophy at Colorado State University; Hardwick in religious studies at American University.

--Santas, Aristotelis, "A Pragmatic Theory of Intrinsic Value," lecture at the Environmental Ethics Certificate Program, University of Georgia, March 12, 1966. An ecosystem is a dynamic, ever-changing process of interactions where parts are not passive recipients, but constantly interact. Individuals of an ecosystem can be instrumental to its growth, but never merely instrumental to the whole, only to the parts. The value of the whole must be seen as inseparable from the value of its constituent parts. No overall value sets a standard to measure all other values. It is absurd to claim, for example, that a salt marsh exists purely for the benefit of the resident crabs any more than it does for the benefit of humans; an ecosystem's value is not relative to its individual parts any more than it should be relative to the demands of a real estate contractor.
John Dewey's concept of value does not destroy intrinsic value. Not until we give up the idea that value can exist outside of all context can we really have intrinsic value. Value is contextual; it exists as a functional relationship. Although understanding those relationships may necessitate a relational look at value, at the same time, value is independent of human existence. For example, fish have value to alligators and the salt marsh has value to the larger environment for its functions. There is no need to appeal to humans for value to exist; whether rational or sensory, value is there. Santas is professor of philosophy and environmental ethics and Coordinator of the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics at Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia.

--Oelschlaeger, Max, "Soul of the Wilderness: The Wild, the Tame, and the Folly of Sustainable Development," International Journal of Wilderness 1(no. 2, December):5-7.

--deWaal (de Waal), Frans, Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. The extent to which requisites of morality can be recognized in other animals, especially primates. de Waal strenuously objects to a current tendency among biologists to ascribe various negative descriptions to animals, such as their being "selfish," or "cheaters" or "deceiving" or "greedy" or "having enemies," or "murdering" with a simultaneous refusal to ascribe various positive traits to them. Biologists go to great lengths, unnecessarily so, to argue away all evidence of animal altruism, interpreting it as disguised selfishness, or kin selection, or nepotism, and so on. Animals, particularly those close to us, display an enormous spectrum of emotions and different kinds of relationships. It is only fair to reflect this fact in a broad array of terms. If animals can have enemies, they can have friends. If they can cheat, they can be honest. If they can be spiteful, they can also be kind and altruistic. Semantic distinctions between animal and human behavior often obscure fundamental similarities; a discussion of morality will be pointless if we allow our language to be distorted by a denial of benign motives and emotions in animals. de Waal works at the Yerkes Regional Primate Center in Atlanta, Georgia.

--Holland, Heinrich, D., and Ulrich Petersen, Living Dangerously: The Earth, its Resources, and the Environment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995. 490 pages. The fate of humanity and our store of natural resources in the next century. The often conflicting needs of natural resources extraction and environmental protection. Holland is in geochemistry, Petersen in economic geology at Harvard University.

--Pope, Carl, "Television Misses the Picture," Sierra 81 (no. 2, March/April 1996):12-14. Environmental coverage on the three networks has declined by 60 percent since 1989; the decline is not due to lack of environmental news or interest, but possibly to the pressures of owners and advertisers. Ted Turner and Tom Brokaw are notable exceptions. Pope is executive director of the Sierra Club.

--Foreman, Dave, "Am I a Free Market Environmentalist?" PERC Reports 14 (no. 1, March 1966):1, 4-5. PERC is published by the Political Economy Research Center, 502 S. 19th Ave., Suite 211, Bozeman, MT 59719. The Wildlands Project has a goal of protecting and restoring the ecological richness of North America. Private property and voluntary agreements play a big role in that. Landowners who host endangered species should be honored as good members of the community and as good stewards of their land. Am I a free-market environmentalist? Naw, I'm an agnostic. But I'm a friendly agnostic. Dave Foreman, co-founder of Earth First!, now heads the Wildlands Project.

--Gadgil, Madhav and Ramachandra Guha, Ecology and Equity: The Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India. London: Routledge, 1995. 213 pages. Gadgil is at the Centre for Ecological Studies at the Indian Institute of Science. Guha is an independent writer.

--Allenby, Braden R., and Deanna J. Richards, eds., The Greening of Industrial Systems. Washington: National Academy Press, 1994. 259 pages. 18 contributors. Promising approaches to environmentally conscious design and manufacturing. The need for greater recognition of environmental dimensions in formulating technology policies and management strategies. A project of the National Academy of Engineering.

--Korten, David C., When Corporations Rule the World. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, and San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1995.

--Ehrlich, Paul R., Anne H. Ehrlich, and Gretchen C. Daily, The Stork and the Plow: The Equity Answer to the Human Dilemma. New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1995. The population-consumption problem and its connection with the environment. The authors are at Stanford University.

--Pluhar, Evelyn B., Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman Animals. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. 370 pages. Paper, $ 19.95. Any sentient cognitive being--one caring about what happens to him or herself--is morally significant, supporting the moral status and rights of many nonhuman animals. Implications of this for children and abnormal humans, and its relevance for population policies, animal testing, euthanasia, hunting and the treatment of companion animals. Pluhar is in philosophy at Pennsylvania State University, Fayette Campus, Uniontown.

--Cromartie, Michael, ed., Creation at Risk? Religion, Science, and Environmentalism. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1995. 166 pages. Paper, $ 15.00. Ten scholars and activists explore and clash over some of the scientific, religious, moral, philosophical, economic, and political claims proposed by contemporary environmentalists. Is green utopianism becoming the new communism? The Rio Climate Convention and the use of failed computer forecasts of temperature changes as the basis for public policy. Global warming. Theological implications of biocentrism. The relative merits of governments and markets in dealing with ecological problems.

--Corrington, Robert S., Ecstatic Naturalism: Signs of the World. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994. 218 pages. Cloth, $ 29.95. A new metaphysics, a semiotics of nature, insisting that all signs participate in larger orders of meaning that are natural and religious. Meanings embodied in nature point beyond nature to the mystery inherent in positioned codes and signs. Corrington is professor of philosophical theology at Drew University.
--Ferrell, John S., Fruits of Creation: A Look at Global Sustainability as Seen Through the Eyes of George Washington Carver. Shakopee, MN: Macalester Park, 1995.

--Deloria, Jr., Vine, Red Earth, White Lies: Native Americans and the Myth of Scientific Fact. New York: Scribner, 1995. 286 pages. Cloth, $ 23. Taking on scientists from Darwin to Stephen Jay Gould, Deloria claims that white European scientists manipulate data to fit their theories. Native American oral traditions may actually provide better explanations than those of scientists, who struggle to make facts fit predetermined theories. Evolution, planetary history, the origin of humans, natural disasters, and population as explained differently from the white European scientific and the red Native American point of view. Modern science encourages cultural bias and mistaken understandings of the natural world. One of Deloria's targets is the claim by scientists who argue, on the basis of archaeological and paleontological records, that native Americans caused the extinctions of animal species in the Pleistocene period. That claim is nonsense. Deloria is a well-known Native American and professor of history, law, religious studies, and political science at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

--Wall, Derek, ed., Green History: A Reader in Environmental Literature, Philosophy, and Politics. London: Routledge, 1994. 271 pages. Dozens of mostly quite short excerpts, from all over the spectrum of literature, philosophy, and politics. Ancient wisdom, ecology and early civilizations, Gaia, philosophical holism, the web of life, against growth, sustainable development, the Frankenstein factor (genetic engineering), peaceful protest, the city and the country, eco-feminism, spiritual awakenings, green revolutionaries, green politics, utopias. One theme is that today's environmental issues were already problems in the past. Wall teaches economics at the University of West England.

--Barbato, Joseph and Lisa Weinerman, eds., Heart of the Land: Essays on the Last Great Places. New York: Pantheon Books, 1994. 297 pages. A Nature Conservancy sponsored book. Thirty essays by well-known nature writers about places that still retain the ability to inspire, to awe, and to fire our collective imaginations. The essayists find that such places move us in ways that we intuitively understand but cannot adequately explain. Samples: Terry Tempest Williams, "Winter Solstice at the Moab Slough (Colorado Plateau, Utah)"; Rick Bass, "On Willow Creek" (Texas Hill Country); Joel Achenbach, "The Most Patient of Animals" (Clinch Valley, Virginia). "Of course we shouldn't protect a wild core such as the Texas hill country because it is a system still intact with the logic and sanity that these days too often eludes our lives in the city. We should instead protect the hill country simply for its own sake, to show that we are still capable of understanding (and practicing) the concept of honor: loving a thing the way it is, and trying, for once, not to change it" (Rick Bass). Barbato is an editorial director at the Nature Conservancy; Weinerman is with Nature Conservancy in Latin America.

--Wright, Will, Wild Knowledge: Science, Language, and Social Life in a Fragile Environment. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. 240 pages. $ 14.95 paper. "The ecological problem always seems ... more a profound issue of social order than a strategic issue of legal controls. In many ways it seems to be a problem with our legitimating idea of rationality. Industrial society is based on a political and organizational commitment to the idea of rationality, but as the planet becomes more committed to rationality, in the Enlightenment sense of science and individualism, it also seem to become more irrational, in the ecological sense of sustainability. Rational society seems to be disrupting itself systematically, and if so, then there is a fundamental problem with our legitimating idea of rationality, because this idea is legitimating ecological disaster in the name of reason. If our `rational' social order is inherently irrational, then we must either give up on it ... or articulate a more coherent idea of rationality, an idea that will legitimate a more ecological and sustainable social order" (p. ix). Wright argues for a "critical commitment to a `wild' rationality, a rationality that is always external to any established institutional order and thus that is always legitimately available to criticize and disrupt that order. ... It is only through a commitment to a truly `wild' knowledge that sustainable social institutions can be legitimated" (pp. 218-219). Wright is in sociology at the University of Southern Colorado.

--Rutledge, Ron, and Terje Vold, "Canada's Wilderness," International Journal of Wilderness 1(no. 2, December):8-14. Canada is a large country with close ties to its wilderness heritage. An analysis of the extent of Canada's wilderness, both protected wilderness and remaining roadless areas. Canada has continued to increase the size of its protected area systems, continued to give more protection, and increasingly given special recognition to protecting wilderness. The authors are with the British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.

--Miller, Jonathan, "Australian Approaches to Wilderness," International Journal of Wilderness 1(no. 2, December):38-39. Six of the eight Australian states, plus the Australian Commonwealth Territory, have wilderness legislation. Some wilderness initiatives are also undertaken at the national level, especially the National Wilderness Inventory. Miller is with the Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra.

--Zunino, Franco, "The Wilderness Movement in Italy: A Wilderness Model for Europe," International Journal of Wilderness 1(no. 2, December):41-42. There is an Italian Wilderness Society and seven wilderness areas are established, with various degrees of municipal and regional authority. Franco directs the Associazione Italiana per la Wilderness.

--Chipeniuk, Raymond, "The Old and Middle English Origins of `Wilderness'," Environments (Waterloo, Ont.: Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo) 21(1991):22-28. Interesting and important article on the roots of the idea of wilderness, which should be read by anyone who has read Roderick Nash. There is a widespread view that until the eighteenth century it was usual for people in the Western tradition to fear and hate wilderness. This view is elaborated by Roderick Nash in Wilderness and the American Mind. But, contrary to Nash, in old English the sense is not always negative; there are many commonsense, neutral, and sometimes positive evaluations of wilderness. There are two possible roots "wil(d)deor," or "wild deer" and "wildeorern," or "wild, uncontrolled or untamed," and "wildeornes" generally meant wild or uncultivated land, inhabited only by wild animals. The word "wild" goes back to Old Teutonic, the precursor of English, long before 450 A.D. In the Bible, the meanings of several words for "wilderness" are not always negative, but they sometimes are, and with the coming of Bible translations these could enter English usage, where wilderness is a frightening and wasted place.
"All in all, the evidence seems to suggest speakers of English have always used the word `wilderness" ... to mean primarily land not farmed or settled, or ... land inhabited by wild animals. ... Americans do not deserve quite as much credit for elevating wilderness to its current high esteem as Nash and others are wont to give them. Interest in and regard for wilderness as the home of abundant wildlife was the heritage of the English-speaking world from its beginnings." Chipeniuk has degrees in English language and literature from McGill University and the University of Toronto, and works in regional planning with an interest in wilderness.

--DiSilvesto, Roger L., Reclaiming the Last Wild Places: A New Agenda for Biodiversity. New York: John Wiley, 1993.

--Hunter, James, On the Other Side of Sorrow: Nature and People in the Scottish Highlands. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Co., 1995. £ 17.50. U.S. Distributor: Trafalgar Square Publishers, Howe Hill Road, North Pomfret, VT 05053. 802/457 1911. The Scottish Highlands were, in earlier centuries, depopulated in heartbreak with the enforced removal of its peoples. Today conserving the Highlands environment is, quite rightly, a matter of high public priority, but environmentalists must take account of the sensibilities of those who see a deserted Highland glen not so much as a piece of wilderness as a place where everyone who ever mattered is dead and gone. Environmentalists need to be aware of Highland attitudes to the Highlands, all the more so in view of the fact that the Gaelic-speaking people who inhabited the area for 1500 years held so positive a view of nature.
The Highlands suffer from deforestation and forms of land use that prevent the regeneration of the land. The task of preserving the Highlands is not one of preserving what is presently there, but of putting right the many thing which, over several centuries, have gone so desperately wrong. Further, the area now has one of Europe's fastest growing rural populations. The rehabilitation of the Highlands needs simultaneously to bring about the restoration of people to some at least of the many localities where human communities, and the Gaelic culture association with those communities, were so long ago destroyed. Hunter is a freelance historian, writer, and broadcaster who lives in the Skye crofting township of Borve.

--Moon, Bruce E.. Dilemmas of International Trade. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. 192 pages. $49.95 hb, $14.95 pb. In the post-Cold War world, trade is the new arena for competition--between nations, between groups, between ethical and theoretical ideas. Political economist Bruce Moon puts contemporary trade events--NAFTA, United States-Japan controversies, the Uruguay Round of GATT, China's Most Favored Nation status, the founding of the World Trade Organization--into historical and theoretical perspective with the British Corn Laws, the Great Depression, the Bretton Woods system, and the origins of the European Union. Economic theory, terms, and concepts are explained and contextualized with those from international relations. Three central dilemmas are examined: the unequal distribution of income and wealth created by international trade, the tradeoff among competing values that trade requires, and the difficult interrelationship between economic and foreign policy goals within and among trading nations. Though internationally framed, each dilemma has ramifications at a variety of levels all the way down to the individual's role in the global economy--as a consumer, as a citizen, and ultimately as a moral agent. Bruce E. Moon is professor of International Relations at Lehigh University.

--Joern, Anthony and Keeler, Kathleen H. The Changing Prairie: North American Grasslands. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. $65.00. 268 pages. In the past, plowing virgin prairie could be easily defended on both economic and sociological grounds. But preservation of these regions is now an urgent need. The ecology of the North American prairie and conservation measures to protect remaining grasslands. Arguments for the value of undeveloped prairies, a current synthesis of prairie ecology to facilitate their best possible management, and a summary of conservation issues, pointing out the costs and benefits of alternative actions. Ethical and aesthetic perspectives. Joern and Keeler are both at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

--Martin, Thomas E. and Finch, Deborah M., eds., Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: A Synthesis and Review of Critical Issues. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. $28.00 paper $52.00 cloth. 512 pages. The apparent decline in numbers among many species of migratory songbirds is a timely subject in conservation biology, particularly for ornithologists, ecologists, and wildlife managers. This book is an attempt to discuss the problem in full scope. It presents an ambitious, comprehensive assessment of the current status of neotropical migratory birds in the U.S., and the methods and strategies used to conserve migrant populations. Each chapter is an essay reviewing and assessing the trend from a different viewpoint, all written by leaders in the fields of ornithology, conservation, and population biology. Thomas E. Martin is from University of Montana, and Deborah M. Finch is from USDA Forest Service, Arizona.

--Norwood, Vera. Made from this Earth: American Women and Nature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993.

--Entrikin, J. Nicholas, The Betweenness of Place: Towards a Geography of Modernity. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. "To understand place requires that we have access to both an objective and a subjective reality. From the decentered vantage point of the theoretical scientist, place becomes either location or a set of generic relations and thereby loses much of its significance for human action. From the centered viewpoint of the subject, place has meaning only in relation to an individual's or a group's goals and concerns. Place is best viewed from points in between" (p. 5). Entrikin is a geographer at UCLA.

--Wolff, Edward N., Top Heavy: A Study of the Increasing Inequality of Wealth in America. New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press (41 East 70th Street, NY, NY 10021; 800/275-1447, 1995. Disquietingly, evidence supports that general conviction that there are diminished prospects for average American citizens. Over the last several years, many studies have established that the working population of the United States--especially men with less than a college education--not only are doing more poorly than their parents, but that their real wages are declining. Between 1947 and 1973, American families in every income category enjoyed income growth--and the poorest families had the highest rate of all. Then, between 1973 and 1990, average income not only remained almost stagnant, but that average was a reflection of higher income growth for the top 20 percent of families, and a significant fall in real income for the poorest 20 percent. As a result, nearly half the families in American today have lower real income than they did in 1973. In terms of total wealth (distinguished from income), in the 1980's the top 1 percent of wealth holders enjoyed two thirds of all increases in financial wealth. The bottom 80 percent of households ended up with less real financial wealth in 1989 than in 1983. Startlingly, the United States has gone from a position of less wealth inequality among its citizens than in Europe to greater wealth inequality than is found in class-ridden societies. The insecurity that a large segment of the population increasingly faces is shaking the democratic system. Wolff is professor of economics at New York University.

--Pollan, Michael, Second Nature: A Gardener's Education. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991. There are two problems with a purist ethic toward nature. (1) Seemingly pristine parts of nature are more changed by humans already than we like to realize. (2) There is no guidance for what to do with areas that are not pristine. "`All or nothing,' says the wilderness ethic, and in fact we've ended up with a landscape in America that conforms to that injunction remarkably well. Thanks to exactly this kind of either/or thinking, Americans have done an admirable job of drawing lines around certain sacred areas (we did invent the wilderness area) and a terrible job of managing the rest of our land. The reason is not hard to find: the only environmental ethic we have has nothing useful to say about those areas outside this line. Once a landscape is no longer `virgin' it is typically written off as fallen, lost to nature, irredeemable. We hand it over to the jurisdiction of that other sacrosanct American ethic: laissez-faire economics. ... Essentially, we have divided our country in two, between the kingdom of wilderness, which rules about eight percent of America's land, and the kingdom of the market, which rules the rest" (p. 188-189).

--Lynch, Barbara Deutsch, "The Garden and the Sea: U.S. Latino Environmental Discourses and Mainstream Environmentalism," Social Problems 40(1993):108-24. Latinos see nature quite differently from mainstream environmentalists. Latino environmentalism, in which the garden metaphor is central, rejects the dichotomization of people and nature that has pervaded contemporary environmentalism. "The environment is a social construction: a product of all cultural responses to specific historical circumstances which give rise to shared sets of imagined landscapes" (p. 109).

--Troyer, James R., Nature's Champion: B. W. Wells, Tar Heel Ecologist. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. B. W. Wells (1884-1978) was a pioneering ecologist at then North Carolina State College (now University), through whom thousands of North Carolinians learned to appreciate and protect nature, long before ecology and conservation became popular causes. Troyer teaches biology at North Carolina State University.

--Wheelwright, Nathaniel T., "Enduring Reasons to Preserve Threatened Species," The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 1, 1994, B2,B3. Many endangered species may not be good for anything, either in the markets of economics or for their roles in ecosystems. "It is poor conservation strategy to bank on the arguments or economics or ecologists alone. Why? Because the most convincing case for rain forests is simply that the loss of species, like the destruction of a Beethoven symphony or a Renoir painting of the Taj Mahal, would be a loss of resplendence. ... Religious leaders and philosophers have the training to raise the moral and philosophical values of preserving species. Traditionally they have had the courage to explore life's most difficult issues. Yet thus far their voices have hardly been heard in the debate over biodiversity. They can and must speak up, defining and explaining the sanctity not just of human life but of life in all of its forms." Wheelwright is a biologist at Bowdoin College who has studied resplendent quetzals in Costa Rica.

--Bate, Jonathan, Romantic Ecology: Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition. New York: Routledge, 1991. "Modern ecological politics teaches us that to consider society only in terms of production, income, and ownership is insufficient. What is done to the land is as important as who owns it" (p. 46). "It is profoundly unhelpful to say there is no nature at a time when our most urgent need is to address and readdress the consequences of human civilisation's insatiable desire to consume the products of the earth" (p. 56). "The whole concept of society having an economic base with legal and political superstructure fails to address the fact that the economy of human society may in the end be dependent on something larger, the economy of nature" (p. 57).

--Chadwick, Douglas H., "Dead or Alive: The Endangered Species Act," National Geographic 187 (March, no. 3, 1995):2-41.

--Krimsky, Sheldon, Biotechnics and Society. New York: Praeger, 1991. Krimsky concludes with what he calls a critical school of technology assessment with seven relevant criteria: (1) ecological impacts, (2) health effects, (3) ethical soundness, (4) economic productivity, (5) distributive justice, (6) social needs, and (7) market demand. A technology assessment index, resulting from evaluation by such criteria, is applied to sample cases of pending biotechnology, such as bovine growth hormone and herbicide resistant-plants (crop plants that survive, while weeds are killed). Krimsky is at Tufts University.

--Zuckerman, Ben, and David Jefferson, eds. Human Population and the Environmental Crisis. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 1996. Jean-Michael Cousteau: "Population: Challenge to Biosphere and Behavior"; Stephen H. Schneider, "The Global Warming Debate: Are There Public Policy Implications?"; John Harte, "On the Sustainability of Resource Use: Population as a Dynamic Factor"; Mildred E. Mathias, "Biodiversity: Where Have All the Species Gone?"; Jodi L. Jacobson, "Gender Bias and the Search for a Sustainable Future"; Anthony C. Beilenson, "Politics and Society: Political Challenges of Confronting Population Growth"; Richard P. Turco, "Global Environmental Engineering: Prospects and Pitfalls." Zuckerman is in astronomy, Jefferson in computer science at UCLA.

--Kempton, Willett M., James S. Boster, and Jennifer A. Hartley, Environmental Values in American Culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995. 320 pages. $ 39.95. Fundamental environmental beliefs and value are not restricted to those who are white, liberal, educated, and wealthy, but are held by many Americans in various socioeconomic groups, so widely held as to constitute "an American paradigm." A six year study sponsored by the National Science Foundation and conducted by a team of cultural anthropologists. Some surprising results: with a question such as "Justice is not just for human beings, we need to be as fair to plants and animals as we are to people," 97 percent of Earth First types agreed, but so did 63 percent of sawmill workers from the Pacific Northwest. The study concentrated on the lay public and avoided political, financial, and industrial "elites." The researchers especially conclude that environmentalists are missing an opportunity by depending heavily on utilitarian arguments and neglecting traditional religious teaching and biocentrism, which they identify as the belief that nonhumans have rights and values too.

--Williams, Bruce A., and Albert R. Matheny, Democracy, Dialogue, and Environmental Disputes. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. 272 pages. $ 32.50. The difficulties faced by environmental regulation are attributed to competing ideas about regulatory legitimacy, resulting from the growth of the American state. The authors propose a more complex and nuanced dialogue between all participants in regulatory policymaking, and apply this to case studies in New Jersey, Ohio, and Florida.

--Leslie, John, The End of the World: the Science and Ethics of Human Extinction. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-14043-9. 310 pages. Hardback, 310 pages; $23 US, $29.95 Can, £16.99. Of all humans so far, roughly 10% are alive with you and me. If human extinction occurred soon, our position in population history would have been fairly ordinary. But if humankind survived at least a few more centuries, perhaps colonizing the galaxy, we could be among the earliest 0.001% of all humans--a point crucial to a "doomsday argument" originated by the cosmologist Brandon Carter. People who accept the argument will re-estimate the threats to humankind. These include asteroid impacts; nuclear, chemical and biological warfare; ozone layer destruction; greenhouse warming, possibly of a runaway kind; overpopulation; poisoning of the environment; new diseases; computers replacing humans entirely; disasters from genetic engineering or from nanotechnology; and perhaps even destruction of the galaxy through a "vacuum metastability upset" initiated by physicists. As well as discussing all this, The End of the World asks why it should worry us. Is anything ever better than anything else, as a genuine fact? Are lives almost never worth living, or do only miserable ones really matter? Could nuclear revenge be appropriate although it did no good? And when people of future generations are mere possibilities, what right have they to be born? Leslie is a well known philosopher and cosmologist at the University of Guelph.

--Leslie, John, "The End is More Nigh," Times Higher Education Supplement, February 16, 1966, page 15. "If you view the certainty of global warming, the likelihood of nuclear war and the possibility of grey goo calamity from the perspective of the doomsday argument, nobody should bet on humanity's long-term survival." "I believe that humans may have little more than a half chance of surviving the next 500 years. Inclined at first to say that the risk of Doom within five centuries was only about 5 per cent, I found myself changing this to 40 percent. I reached this conclusion after considering the various dangers facing us in the light of what has come to be known as the `doomsday argument,' which has made me much less optimistic about the future of humankind."

--Goodland, Robert, "The Concept of Environmental Sustainability," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26(1995)1-24. A review of the current debate about environmental sustainability, and related growth, limits, scale, and substitutability. The paths leading to environmental sustainability in each country or sector will differ, but the goals remain constant. Conceptualizing this is far from an academic exercise. Ensuring, within two human generations, that as many as 10 billion people are decently fed and housed without damaging the environment on which we all depend represents a monumental challenge. Goodland is with the World Bank.

--Goodland, Robert, "South Africa: Environmental Sustainability and the Empowerment of Women," Impact Assessment, a special publication of this journal, June 1995, from a conference of the International Association of Impact Assessment, Durban, South Africa. Impact Assessment is based in the Department of Resource Development, Michigan State University. Copies from RJA Goodland, Environment Department, The World Bank, Washington, DC 20433. Fax 202/477-0565. In common with most nations, South African Society also is hurtling away from environmental sustainability at present, largely because of widespread inequity, poverty, inadequate consumption per capita, and rapid population growth which undermines future consumption per capita. This situation is reminiscent of some U. S. data on black/white ratios too. South Africa's black 76 percent majority earns only 36 percent of the national income, whereas the white 13 percent minority earn 54% of the national income (with the colored population in between). This strains environmental sources of raw materials, as well as environmental sinks for assimilating wastes. Environmentally sustainability is quintessentially a social concern. Environmental sustainability needs social sustainability--the social scaffolding of people's organizations that empower self-control and self-policing in people's management of natural resources. The main element of social responsibility germane here is empowerment of women. Includes a good bibliography.

--Light, Andrew, and Eric Katz, eds., Environmental Pragmatism. London and New York: Routledge Press, 1996. 352 pages. Contents: "Introduction: Environmental Pragmatism and Environmental Ethics as Contested Terrain," Andrew Light and Eric Katz; "Pragmatism and Environmental Thought," Kelly A. Parker; "How Pragmatism is an Environmental Ethic," Sandra B. Rosenthal and Rogene A. Buchholz; "Nature as Culture: John Dewey's Pragmatic Naturalism," Larry A. Hickman; "The Environmental Value in G. H. Mead's Cosmology," Ari Santas; "The Constancy of Leopold's Land Ethic," Bryan Norton; "Integration or Reduction: Two Approaches to Environmental Values," Bryan Norton; "Before Environmental Ethics," Anthony Weston; "Compatibilism in Political Ecology," Andrew Light; Pragmatism and Policy: The Case of Water," Paul B. Thompson; "Towards a Pragmatic Approach to Definition: Wetlands and the Politics of Meaning," Edward Schiappa; "A Pluralistic, Pragmatic and Evolutionary Approach to Natural Resource Management," Emery N. Castle; "Laws of Nature vs. Laws of Respect: Non-Violence in Practice in Norway," David Rothenberg; "Teaching Environmental Ethics as a Method of Conflict Management," Gary E. Varner, Susan J. Gilbertz, and Tarla Rai Peterson; "Beyond Intrinsic Value: Pragmatism in Environmental Ethics," Anthony Weston; "Searching for Intrinsic Value: Pragmatism and Despair in Environmental Ethics," Eric Katz; "Unfair to Swamps: A Reply to Katz--Unfair to Foundations?: A Reply to Weston," Anthony Weston and Eric Katz; "Environmental Pragmatism as Philosophy or Metaphilosophy?: On the Weston-Katz Debate," Andrew Light.
The first comprehensive presentation of environmental pragmatism as a new approach. Environmental pragmatism argues that theoretical debates are hindering the ability of the environmental movement to forge agreement on basic policy imperatives. This new direction advocate a serious (though not theoretical) inquiry into the practical merits of moral pluralism, using the methodology of classical American pragmatist thought.

--Light, Andrew, "Materialists, Ontologists, and Environmental Pragmatists," Social Theory and Practice 21 (No. 2, Summer 1995): 315-333. Expanded version reprinted as "Compatibilism in Political Ecology," in Environmental Pragmatism, ed. A. Light and E. Katz, (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 161-184. A strategy for resolving competing claims within environmental political theory, focusing on debates between two kinds of theorists: ontologists--such as deep ecologists--and materialists--such as Murray Bookchin and the social ecologists. The urgency of the ecological crisis requires a form of metatheoretical compatibilism between the opposing theories. The argument is derived from a selective and critical reading of Rorty's neo-pragmatism concerning the distinction between public and private practice. Copies this and related articles available from Andrew Light, Department of Philosophy and Environmental Health Program, 13-103 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2G3,
andrew.light@ualberta.ca.

--Light, Andrew, "Environmental Pragmatism as Philosophy or Metaphilosophy: On the Weston-Katz Debate," in Environmental Pragmatism, ed. A. Light and E. Katz (London: Routledge Press, 1996), pp. 325-338. Looks at the debate Environmental Ethics between Anthony Weston and Eric Katz (vols. 7:4, 9:3, and 10:3) on the issue of environmental pragmatism. Argues that given a distinction between two different pragmatist approaches to environmental ethics, both Katz and Weston are pragmatists. Compares the views of both scholars to that of J. Baird Callicott who is deemed not a pragmatist in either sense.

--Light, Andrew and Alan Rudy, "Social Ecology and Social Labor: A Consideration and Critique of Murray Bookchin," Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, June 1995, pp 75-106. The first comprehensive critique of social ecology from an ecological socialist perspective. The first part of the paper summarizes the basic social and political ground of Bookchin's theories; the second part argues that the absence of the category of social labor ultimately undermines the transformative potential of social ecology.

--Light, Andrew, "Urban Wilderness," Wild Ideas, ed. David Rothenberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), pp. 195-211. Short version reprinted as "Whither Classical Wilderness?," in The Trumpeter, March 1995. Distinguishes between two historical conceptions of the idea of wilderness--classical and romantic--and argues that the idea of the classical wilderness has been transferred to descriptions of urban spaces. Discusses the notions of wilderness of the Puritans, Upton Sinclair, and Mike Davis (writing about Los Angeles).

--Light, Andrew, "Hegemony and Democracy: How the Inherent Politics in Restoration Informs the Politics of Restoration," Restoration and Management Notes 12 (No. 2, Winter 1995):140-144. Argues that ecological restoration contains an inherent political dimension which consists in the potential it always has to serve as the ground for public participation in the human-nature community.
--Light, Andrew, "Three Questions on Hyperreality," Research in Philosophy and Technology, vol 15, 1995. A response to Albert Borgmann's "The Nature of Reality and the Reality of Nature," in Soulé and Lease, eds., Reinventing Nature? (Island Press, 1995). Argues that Borgmann's position on the social construction of nature leads to several puzzles which follow from his attempt to integrate postmodernism and environmental philosophy.

--Light, Andrew, "Environmental Pragmatism and Valuation in Nature," Human Ecology: Crossing Boundaries, ed. Scott D. Wright et al, (Fort Collins, CO: Society for Human Ecology, 1993), pp. 23-30. The first published version of the author's work on environmental pragmatism. Includes a discussion of environmental pedagogy (especially the work of David Orr) as a form of environmental pragmatism.

--Light, Andrew, "Which Side Are You On?: A Rejoinder to Murray Bookchin," Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 4 (No. 2, June 1993): 113-120. Rejoinder to a reply by Bookchin to the author's "Rereading Bookchin and Marcuse as Environmental Materialists."

--Light, Andrew, "Rereading Bookchin and Marcuse as Environmental Materialists," Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 4 (No. 1, March 1993): 69-98. Translated and republished as "Il Materialismo Ambientale Bookchin e Marcuse a Confronto," Capitalismo, Natura, Socialismo, issue 10, February 1994, pp. 110-139. Argues that Bookchin's critique of the Frankfurt School in general and Herbert Marcuse in particular is flawed, since an examination of both Bookchin and Marcuse reveals that they are both "environmental materialists."

--Light, Andrew, "The Role of Technology in Environmental Question